History of subtitles Essay Example

History of subtitles Essay Example History of subtitles Essay History of subtitles Essay Chapter 2. Subtitling and nicknaming Subtitles Captions displayed at the underside of a film or telecasting screen that translate or transcribe the duologue or narrative. ( Ex-husband:movies in foreign linguistic communications with English captions )( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oxforddictionaries.com ) Harmonizing to Cintas and Remael, subtitling is defined as a interlingual rendition pattern dwelling of showing a written text ( by and large on the lower portion of the screen ; Nipponese – vertically, on the right-hand side of the screen ) that endeavors to tell the duologue of the talkers, and all the dianoetic elements that appear in the image ( inserts, letters, letterings, etc ) and the information contained in the soundtrack ( vocals, voices off ) . Video games are besides covered by the field of captions, and as in the instance of movies, or Television plans, they can be intralingual ( made in the same linguistic communication as the sound ) or interlingual ( the written text is in a different linguistic communication than the sound ) History of captions The phantom of the captions is tightly connected with the birth and development of the film. The transition from soundless movies, to movies in which the duologue could be heard by the witnesss, sits at the beginning of the audio-visual interlingual renditions ( captions, nicknaming, etc. ) In the age of the soundless film, the image and the written ocular AIDSs were the lone beginnings of information for the witnesss. The action, the gestures, the dumb show of the histrions was supplemented by slides inserted between two sequences. These slides were called inter-titles , because they were denoting the rubrics of the scenes or of the sequences. As for interpreting these inter-titles, the procedure was rather simple: they would replace the original inter-title with the translated one, or, they would engage a transcriber to construe them at the same time. Then, as clip went by, and engineering advanced, inter-titles were bit by bit replaced by captions. When films were added sound, the witnesss could hear the duologues, therefore the inter-titles disappeared and new troubles arose. One of the jobs was the followers: after the phantom of sound in movies, in order to get the better of the linguistic communication job, one could do assorted versions for assorted linguistic communications, or they could utilize the dubbing procedure, procedure which was largely considered as excessively bing and complicated. That is why the captions easy became more popular ; they were well cheaper than nicknaming. Another job was/is the bilingual audience. The transcriber had, and still has, to maintain in head that some of the witnesss sing a certain movie or telecasting plan might be bilingual, significance that he can easy knock and nail the possible mistakes in the interlingual rendition and to a certain sum, even damage one’s repute. Basic rules of subtitling There are certain regulations that must be followed when doing subtitling, and of class, there are several jobs that must be overcome in order to do a proper caption. In the undermentioned lines I intend to nail several guidelines, or better said, rules, that must be taken into history when working with captions. First of all, all that can be seen on the screen needs to be translated. That includes assorted names, locations, rubrics, hoardings, etc. second of all, you should non interpret literally. As a transcriber and/or subtitler, you foremost have to follow and calculate out the secret plan so you can do the interlingual rendition every bit accurate as possible. You do non hold to interpret every word because the significance is more of import than the existent words that were spoken. Besides, you have a limited figure of characters available, so you must seek to give an accurate interlingual rendition utilizing merely a limited sum of words and in the same clip cover the significance of the duologue. A trouble in translating/subtitling is interpreting gags, wordplaies or word dramas. In these instances a transcriber needs to seek to happen an equivalent or to accommodate the certain gag or word drama so it would do sense in the Target Language and be every bit near as possible to the significance from the Source Language. Of class, the two linguistic communications may hold similar gags or wordplaies so in these instances the transcribers work is midway done. As in every interlingual rendition, captions are required to hold a high degree of consistence. That means that you must maintain the same registry, or the same measurement units etc. Furthermore, every linguistic communication has different punctuation regulations, so you must thoroughly research each language’s regulations before get downing the interlingual rendition. A subtitler must besides take into consideration the use of italics. They normally must be used for background noises, such as the Television or the wireless, for vocal rubrics and wordss, book rubrics, or words from another linguistic communication. And last but non least, a interlingual rendition is ever needed when we talk about different measuring systems, chiefly the imperial and the metric systems. One must make up ones mind when it is perfectly necessary to render the Numberss from imperial to metric system ( or frailty versa ) and when they can be left as they are in the original. Categorization of captions Due to its close relationship with engineering, the categorization of the subtitling procedure is non a fixed one, but instead an always-changing one due to the velocity rate at which engineering develops. Cintas A ; Remael ( 13-25 ) grouped captions harmonizing to 5 standards: Linguistic Time available for readying Technical Methods of projection Distribution format Linguistic parametric quantities Intralingual captions: this sort of subtitling involves a displacement from unwritten to written but corsets within the same linguistic communication. This sort of captions is made foremost of all for the deaf and the hard-of-hearing and it implies change overing the spoken duologues into written address. A alteration in colour is normally used to stipulate who is talking at the minute, or to stress a certain portion of the duologue ( words, the sarcasm of a statement, hand clappings, laughter, a knock on the door, etc ) The intralingual captions are besides made for linguistic communication acquisition intents. Reading on the screen the duologue of the characters helps the pupil to verify if they have understood decently what was spoken. For karaoke consequence For idioms of the same linguistic communication in order to get the better of the troubles posed by different speech patterns which are difficult to understand, or the spectator is non accustomed to ( e.g. The movieTrainspottinghas a strong Scots speech pattern, therefore it needs intralingual interlingual rendition ) For notices and proclamations: seen on the screen in public countries, in Stationss, airdromes, or the broadcast of intelligence so as to offer information to the viewing audiences without upseting them. Interlingual captions. They besides imply a alteration from unwritten to written, but in this state of affairs, the displacement is made besides from one linguistic communication into another For listeners For the deaf and hard-of-hearing Foreign linguistic communication acquisition intents – it is used as a didactic tool, assisting the pupils to better their lingual accomplishments, and their cognition sing the civilization and the linguistic communication of other states. Bilingual captions – this sort of subtitling is used in countries in which two linguistic communications are spoken or in international movie festivals. Time available for readying Pre-prepared captions are done before the program’s release and may be done in complete sentences or in decreased 1s ( merely what is considered relevant will be translated ) Live or real-time captions – this means that there is no clip to fix in front ( normally made by a group of professionals: an translator and a amanuensis ) . They can besides be made by a machine ( speech acknowledgment package ) but is susceptible to spelling errors and it is deemed impractical in most of the linguistic communications. Technical parametric quantities Open captions – which are projected onto the image and can non be removed or turned off Closed captions – which can be added or removed at will and can be opened with the appropriate plan ( decipherer ) Methods of projecting captions Mechanical and thermic subtitling Photochemical subtitling Optical subtitling Laser subtitling Electronic subtitling Distribution format Film Television Video, VHS Videodisk Internet In the field of captions we besides have supertitles, intertitles and fansubs. The supertitles are regarded as an equivalent of captions in the film and are called captions by many professionals. They are used in interpreting Sung words, if they are sung in a different linguistic communication. Supertitles are chiefly used in unrecorded public presentations such as the opera, conferences, in the theater, at concerts, etc. Intertitles are known to be the beginning of captions and are tightly connected with the birth of the film, as I have stated above. They were used in soundless movies and were outdated with the phantom of soundtrack. Fansubs are rather a recent signifier of subtitling and is made by fans, for fans. They are done for free and posted on the cyberspace, available for anyone, although their rightness is rather questionable, as they are non made by professionals. Dubing procedure Dub/Dubbing: To alter an bing tape or recording by adding new sound to it. [ Normally passive ] CINEMA: to replace the soundtrack of a film with one in a different linguistic communication, so that the histrions seem to be talking the other linguistic communication. ( Ex: It was an English film dubbed into German ) To do a transcript of a tape or recording ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.macmillandictionary.com ) Dubbing is a postproduction technique which consists in replacing the original duologue of a movie or series with an orally translated version, synchronized with the scenes of the movie. Most often, the term refers to the replacing of the on-screen actors’ voices with the voices of the translators, which frequently speak another linguistic communication ( although there are instances in which, because of assorted grounds, the on-screen voices are dubbed in the same linguistic communication ) . The dubbing technique is besides used in musicals, in instance the on-screen histrion has an unsatisfactory voice, but chiefly, nicknaming is used for permuting movies from one linguistic communication into another. Dubbing is used on a big graduated table in film, telecasting, picture games, lifes and anime series that are distributed in foreign states. As everything, the procedure of dubbing has both advantages and disadvantages. One of those advantages would be that it keeps the spectator focused on the image without any intervention. Another advantage would be that it can be highly utile for kids who have yet to larn how to read, or for those who face troubles in making it. On the other manus, the first disadvantage that this procedure poses is the cost effectivity. The procedure of dubbing is manner more dearly-won than the subtitling one is. Another disadvantage is that the originality of the film/series is partly lost. Following, on the list of disadvantages the fact that if two different linguistic communications are spoken in the movie, and they are dubbed, they might make a certain grade of confusion among the viewing audiences, particularly if one of those linguistic communications is the native linguistic communication of those viewing audiences. Technology before and after the cyberspace Life was rather different before the phantom of the cyberspace. Thingss were non that easy so. You had to make everything in individual. For illustration, in order to direct mail, you had to compose a missive and travel personally to the Post Office to direct it, you really knew all your friends, they were non merely practical individuals, people that you have neer met in individual. There was no online banking, so if you wanted to direct money to person you had to travel to the bank and do so. Besides, research was made at libraries, from books, non with the aid of Google, Wikipedia, Yahoo and everything resembling these sites. When you wanted to compare two things, you had to really travel to the shop and compare them, non merely look into them online. Games were non on-line, or on the computing machine, you had to travel out and play or take hikings. If you wanted to see a film at the film, you had to travel to the film and see what films were on. As for human interaction, it was more physical, if you wanted to see person, you obviously visited them and if you wanted to speak to more than one friend at one time you had to be in the same room or topographic point. If you wanted to purchase music, once more, you had to travel to the shop as you did non hold iTunes or similar applications ; the same thing goes with the films. If you wanted to see a film at place, you either watched Television, or rented a film from the shop and watched it on a VCR. If you wanted to happen a telephone figure you had to seek it in a phone book, and to maintain in touch with the current intelligence you had to watch Television, or to wait for the newspaper. And speech production of the newspaper, if you wanted to purchase or sell something you had to put an ad in it, and hope for person to detect it and reach you. Nowadays, we use the cyberspace for about anything ; paying our measures, reassigning money from the safety of our places, reaching friends and relations, run intoing new people, purchasing music, films or any point we are in demand of, and selling points we do non necessitate any longer, we can maintain in touch with the universe intelligence more easy, we can make research more easy, as there are dozenss of information available now, etc. From the technological point of position, life is now a batch much easier since the cyberspace appeared even though it has advantages and disadvantages, as does everything. There is no such thing as merely evil or merely good. Everything has two sides. Life is easier with the cyberspace for the grounds I have stated above, the lone downside being that the usage of the cyberspace has diminished the face-to-face human interaction and physical attempt. That being said, with the development of engineering, the one time complicated procedure of subtitling was majorly simplified through the use of more and more evolved plans and package, doing a subtitler’s occupation manner easier.

The Soft Sound of C

The Soft Sound of C The Soft Sound of C The Soft Sound of C By Maeve Maddox Shakespeare called z an â€Å"unnecessary† letter, but the letter c is probably a better candidate for the title. In modern English, c is a substitute letter, a stand-in symbol for two English sounds that have distinctive letters to represent them. These sounds are /k/ and /s/, as in cat and cent. C wasn’t always a mere substitute for the letters k and s. In Old English, c was the only symbol for the sound /k/. A note in the OED explains what happened: When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, C had only the sound /k/ ; and this value of the letter has been retained by all the insular Celts: in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, C, c, is still only = /k/ . The Old English or ‘Anglo-Saxon’ writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence C, c, in Old English, was also originally = /k/ : the words kin, break, broken, thick, seek, were in Old English written cyn, brecan, brocen, à ¾icc, sà ©oc. In OE, as in Modern English, the letter s represented the sounds /s/ and /z/. Before the end of the OE period, c became palatalized before e and i. Meanwhile, changes were going on in French spelling and pronunciation. Among other things, French adopted the letter k to represent the sound /k/ in some words. The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 spelled more than political disaster. The Norman scribes who ousted their English counterparts were accustomed to Latin and French spelling conventions. When the Normans invaded England, English spelling went from consistent to what it is today. After the Conquest, c kept the /k/ sound in some English words like candle, cliff, corn, and crop, but in others, the sound /k/ was spelled with the new letter k, as in king, break, and seek. Rule: In modern English, when the letter c occurs before the letters i, e, or y, it represents its â€Å"soft† sound: /s/. Here are some examples: C followed by e accept (The first c in accept stands for the sound /k/; the second c stands for /s/.) ace acetate celebrity cell incense fence C followed by i acid cider cite citrus C followed by y cyborg piracy bouncy cycle icy infancy If you find exceptions to the rule, please share them. Note: This stated rule applies to the single letter c, not to letter combinations like ch, tch, or cious. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsTypes of Ignorance

Source analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Source analysis - Essay Example ’s suffrage, it also reminds that there is more to be achieved and exhorts all those involved in the movement to continue striving for a better world in the wake of the war’s aftermath. Catherine Osler was secretary of the BWSS from the year 1885. A year before that, she was chosen president of the Birmingham Women’s Liberal Association. She was the founder of the Birmingham Ladies’ Debating Society in 1881 and a member of the National Union of Women’s Workers. In 1891, she brought a resolution for women’s suffrage and in one of her speeches in 1908, she strongly favoured the enfranchisement of women in a debate discussing the motion that ‘the time has now come for granting the franchise to women on the same terms as it is or may be granted to men.’ In 1901 she became president of the BWSS. She held that position until 1921 when the society finally dissolved on the grounds that its aims had been achieved. In 1911, she published a gripping and judicious study of family life titled A Book of the Home, in which she observed that ‘there are no natural spheres for men and women’. Democracy is supposed to be a political system in which all are equal. However, for a long time, even in the democratic countries like US and UK, the right to vote was limited to men and women had no opportunity to take part in the process of elections. Even farmers and labourers, only men of course, came under the purview of the right to vote by the Bill of 1884 in UK. Campaigns by women for the right to vote began in the latter half of the 19th century. However these campaigns were mostly peaceful and followed democratic methods like organising meetings and sending petitions to the authorities by which they sought to persuade and even pressurize the government to make necessary changes in the direction of granting women the right to vote. There were a large number of groups which worked with similar mindset. The term ‘suffragists’ refers to the women who took an

Critical Reading Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Reading Reflection - Essay Example The author starts by stating that â€Å"this is a hopeful book about those who fail.† (Rose, M., 2005 p. xi) and provides an account of the education system in America, so the book can be said to be a book about the hope the author holds for people who may be struggling with the American educational system. He goes on to stipulate that the low level of literacy skills in remedial students is not as a result of lack of intelligence but is rather due to insufficient economic and social conditions to support these students, as well as a history of poor education. The author believes that educators should have more confidence in the literacy abilities of such students and that there must be greater equality as regards educational opportunities in America. This book details the story of how the author learned to read, write and think critically, and how he came to start teaching others to also be able to read, write and think in a critical way. This book can be divided into two sec tions. The first section discusses the author’s journey as a student, and as a teacher. In this first section Rose learns to read, analyze and write, while engaging critically with text, and making use of language in a correct manner. In the second section, Rose learned how to teach to others these things he had learned as a student. The main connection between these sections is the connection that was made by the author himself about his own experiences. In the book, one can also feel the effect that the author’s teachers had on him. The teachers (Mr.Jonhson, Mr.Macfarland and Dr.Carothers) all affected the author’s experience and influenced his perspective about the issue of teaching. In the book, the author illustrates some examples of the perceived cultural and language barriers that students have to deal with from day to day, and discusses his experiences with students, including high school graduates with reading or writing difficulties. Due to the reading and writing difficulties faced by these students, they are usually branded as remedial students and therefore placed in special classes, regardless of the real causes of their inability to read and write at the predetermined level. These students may go through their school years, and even later into their adult lives bearing this stigma. In the first chapter, rose outlines the main issues about the American educational system, and his prognoses on these issues relegate the reasoning behind his opinions as stated in the book. The history and the policies that led to the ‘back to basics movement’ are also discussed, and it seems that educators and administrators in America believed that American students are a largely illiterate and insufficient group. Although the author does not directly challenge the necessity of examining the social and economic conditions in the educational system, he argues against â€Å"framing our indictments in terms of decline, a harsh, laced -with-doom assault, as insisting that our current educational standards do not meet or exceed the supposed perfection of past standards we lose the historical and social realities of American education† (Rose, M., 2005 p. 7). The author also argues against labelling some students as remedial students or punishing those that do not measure up to a false reality of success and advocates a better understanding of the cultural and social conditions that students face. Rose explains that the American society as a whole clings to

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay Example for Free

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay Religion is a powerful role in influencing a society and the lives of it’s members. The sociological traditions of Marx and Durkheim view religion totally differently, yet they both agree that religion is a very important aspect of a society. Durkheim and Marx each had their own definitions of religion. However, we will learn that they both see an important role that religion plays in a society, as well as the ways in which society creates and shapes their religions. Unlike Durkheim and Weber, Marx was not much concerned with the studying religion although his ideas on religion are very influential. For marx religion He further feels that a world that requires illusion (religion) has something wrong with it. Marx talks about two primary functions of religion in what he calls the â€Å"real world†. First he says that religion is the opium of the people. Marx feels religion provides anesthesia to the masses. To him, religion is a way for people to escape from some of the suffering in their lives or to somehow feel better despite all of their suffering. Religion deters suffering of the present situations of people. It allows people to put off their suffering because they believe it will be taken care of in heaven, or where ever, after they die. And as it would follow, religion helps people put more hope into â€Å"the year after†. People who are religious really do believe â€Å"life† will be better for them after they die. Also religion helps to maintain the oppression of the lower classed people by the people who make up the upper classes. The second primary function of religion in a society, according to Karl Marx, is that it is the sigh of the oppressed creature. Religion brings with it a safety value. People end up being lulled into the protection religion seems to offer them, and people do feel the need to feel and be safe. Religion also gives people an opportunity to complain about the ways of the world. The world is not the way religion says it should be and therefore people complain about the way it actually is, as a way of feeling like a good member of their chosen religion. Religion allows people to acknowledge the dehumanized state of their lives. It helps people to see the horrible way in which we are in and it helps keep us in this horrible way. We realize through religion that we are not finding fulfillment in our lives. Marx would view a relationship between religious belief and progressive social activism as a display of a dehumanized society yearning for self actualization. The people of a progressive social activist society are not getting self actualization because there political system allows for scarcity of necessities, goods and jobs, and they also oppress the people of their society. According to Marx, if people are without self actualization they will create a place where they can find self actualization. Religion helps people do that. Durkheim dedicated a considerable part of his academic life to the study of religion especially religion in small scale traditional societies. Allotting a single sentence to Durkheim in a kind of appendix to The Sacred The Profane, Eliade comments that the French founder of sociology believed that he had found the sociological explanation for religion in totemism. Durkheim bases his work on the totemism practiced by Australian aborigines and argues that totemism is the most elementary or simple form of religion. Durkheim starts Forms by looking at how religion may be defined and here the sacred profane dichotomy comes immediately into play: the primary characteristic of religion is that it divides the world into the two domains of sacred and profane. In fact, the two are opposed so fundamentally that they are seen as separate worlds. In Durkheims view the sacred is far from being synonymous with the divine. Not only may gods and spirits be sacred, but also things like rocks, trees, pieces of wood, in fact anything. For what makes something sacred is not that it is somehow connected to the divine but that it is the subject of a prohibition that sets it radically apart from something else, which is itself thereby made profane. Durkheim describes religion in terms of beliefs and rites. For him, the details of these in particular religions are particular ways of dealing in thought and action with the fundamental dichotomy of sacred and profane.

How Alcohol Prohibition Was Ended :: essays research papers

You saved the very foundation of our Government. No man can tell where we would have gone, or to what we would have fallen, had not this repeal been brought about. -Letter to the VCL, 1933 This is a story about a small, remarkable group of lawyers who took it upon themselves, as a self- appointed committee, to propel a revolution in a drug policy: the repeal of the 18th Amendment. In 1927, nine prominent New York lawyers associated themselves under the intentionally-bland name, "Voluntary Committee of Lawyers," declaring as their purpose " to preserve the spirit of the Constitution of the United States [by] bring[ing] about the repeal of the so-called Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Ammendment." With the modest platform they thus commanded, reinforced by their significant stature in the legal community, they undertook first to draft and promote repeal resolutions for local and state bar asssociations. Their success culminated with the American Bar Association calling for repeal in 1928, after scores of city and state bar associations in all regions of the country had spoken unambiguously, in words and ideas cultivated, shaped, and sharpened by the VCL. As it turned out, this successwas but prelude to their stunnung achievement several years later. Due in large to the VCL"s extraordinary work, the 18tg Amendment was, in less than a year, surgically struck from the Constitution. Repeal was a reality. The patient was well. People could drink. Here is how it happened. Climaxing decades of gathering hostility towards salloons and moral outrage over the general degeneracy said to be flowing from bottles and kegs, the Cocstitution of the United States had been amended, effective 1920, to progibit the manufacture and sale of "intoxicating liquors." the Volstead Act, the federal statute implementing the prohibitionamindmint, progibited commerce in beer as well. At first prohibition was popular among those who had suppored it, and tolerated by the others. But before long, unmistakable grumbling was heard in the cities. To meet the uninterrupted demand for alcohol, there sprang up bathtub ginworks and basement stills, tight and discrete illegal supply networks, and speakeasies: secret, illegal bars remembered chiefly today as where, for the first time, women were seen smoking in public. Commerse in alcohol plunged underground, and soon fell under the control of thugs and gangsters, whose organizations often acquired their merchandise legally in Canada. Violence aften settled commercial differences- necessarily, it might be said, as suppliers and distributors were denied the services of lawyers, insurance companies, and the civil courts. On the local level, widesspread disobedience of the progibition laws by otherwise law-abiding citizens produced numerous arrests. Courts were badly clogged, in large part because nearly all defendents demanded jury trials, confident that a jury of

For which characters in Of Mice And Men do you feel sympathy the most? Essay

Refer closely to the novel in your answer. I felt some sympathy for Curley’s wife as she was the loneliest of them all. She had a husband who didn’t love or respect her as he went to brothels. As well as Curley’s wife I pitied Slim. He has a lot of responsibility and calms everything down in a tense situation. He was the only person who knew that George shot Lennie after the death of Curley’s wife, which shows the amount of responsibility that is on his shoulders. I have some for Crooks as he is at a disadvantage as he is black so will have a lot of prejudice towards him. He is not allowed in the bunkhouse and so he would be very lonely. He also has the disability of having a crooked back. In the end I felt pity for Candy as the prospect of owning a farm is shattered. He could have lived the rest of his years in relative comfort. Steinbeck uses effective pathos after the death of Curley’s wife. ‘ His eyes blinded with tears and he turned and Went weakly out of the barn’ Now that he knows the dream is over he has nothing to look ahead to which is saddening. Because of his age he won’t be able to get a job. You also pity him because of his disability, which won’t help him find a job. ‘I wont have no place to go, an’ I can’t get no more jobs.’ Also when Carlson shot his dog to put it out of his misery I felt some sympathy. He had the dog for along time and had grown attached to it. Without his dog he would be lonely .This theme of loneliness runs throughtout the book. He then shows regret that someone other than himself shot his dog. ‘I shouldn’t ought to have let no stranger shoot my dog.’ I have sympathy for Lennie as when he had killed Curley’s wife he had ruined the dream for everyone. He would have felt bad about this and the fact that he wouldn’t be able to tend the rabbits which was one of his fears. The other being Ggeorge leaving him, which would mean that he would be lonely. His fear run’s loose as he listens to a talking rabbit: ‘If you think George, gonna let you tend the rabbit, your even crazier’n usual.’ Lennie always has George telling him what to do because he keeps on doing stupid things. In a way Lennie should be pleased about someone keeping a lookout for him but because Lennie is so slow he is upset by it and sometimes Lennie loses his temper. I felt sorry for him most when Curley started a fight with. ‘Lennie’s hands remained at his side; he was too frightened to defend himself. This is because people usually feel sorry for things that are defenceless. But even after Curley had repeatedly punched him Lennie still shows remorse for breaking his hand, which shows he is a ‘nice fella’ . A guy who you wouldn’t want something like this to happen to. ‘I didn’t wanta hurt him.’ The reason I don’t feel sorry for Lennie is because he has a companion like George to look after him and because he is so stupid he doesn’t realise what how poor his lifestyle is. ‘But he was too dumb even to know he had a joke played on him’ I feel sympathy for George as he is lumbered with Lennie. ‘Lennie for god’s sake don’t drink so much.’ It’s as if George is looking after Lennie like they have a parent/child relationship. A similar thing occurs when George threw away the dead mouse Lennie kept in his pocket I feel pity for George as he has a lot of pent up aggression as he uses phrases like ‘son of a bitch’ and ‘crazy bastard’. This is probably caused by the situation he is in. He has no security and his only companion is Lennie who is always getting into trouble. I feel empathy for George, as he is so lonely. This is the same with all the other characters. ‘Guys like us that work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world’. The only way George can escape this position is through his and Lennies’s dream, of owning a farm. George and Lennie ‘aint got nothing to look ahead to’ but the dream sets them a goal. Then George has to do a horrible thing by killing his only friend. He didn’t even seem to think about other alternatives but he saved Lennie from being tortured. Steinbeck builds this up from when Candy’s dog was shot to save it from the pain of living up until George saving Lennie from the pain of being tortured The reason I don’t feel sorry for George is that he has a companion like Lennie. Someone he can trust. If Lennie was in the same position he wouldn’t survive like George, as he doesn’t have the brain. So George can be thankful that it wasn’t vice versa. ‘Lennie who had been watching imitated George exactly’ This shows that Lennie adores George and is a kind of role model. It also shows that Lennie likes him so he won’t double cross him. He is too stupid to do that anyway. I have little empathy to with Curley, as he is lonelier than ever without his wife. He is always getting into fights, which could mean that he is looking for attention. I have sympathy for is the Boss, as he owns the place. He is most probably rich and has a lot of luxuries compared to the workers .I do have some empathy towards the boss .He also has a lot of responsibility as he has to run the ranch and has a son like Curley who is always causing trouble. Through this book Steinbeck tried to portray what the poor people felt at the time. It shows us that the ‘American’ dream doesn’t always come true and that the battle between the ‘good guy’ and the ‘bad guy’ doesn’t always go in the ‘good guy’s’ favour.

Indirect and Direct Racism

Indirect and Direct Racism Racism is a blot on society that has transgressed mankind over hundreds of years. It is conscience of humans that few things are far superior to others. This can be explained in the detail with example of skin color, origin and culture which are the key factors in defragmenting the human society which eventually leads to racism. Cultural difference between various communities was one of the reason for the development of racism.As societies tries to bind itself together it compels people to adapt to different cultures, influencing hatred and eventually given rise to racism. Racism still exists in today’s society in both direct and indirect ways. This can be explained with the recent examples of Asians been targeted in the western world. Asians are attacked because they have different culture and when they settle in western world they bring uneasiness to western lifestyle thus leading to racism.As the author quotes in this article â€Å"Under a byline of Lian Ji, the article published Wednesday used broken English and spouted racial stereotypes to bash the school for his rejection. † The author explains that the student mentioned in the article feels discriminated against due to the fact that he was rejected from Preston University. Clearly showing the flow of racism in the atmosphere within the article, impacting people directly. Skin color is another factor that also has influenced racism.Though subconsciously humans have the tendency to relate things with each other, color is one of those factors. Africans are targeted because they are black and human conscience considers black to be related to bad or evil. Thus they have been victims of racism from the white community, as they consider themselves to be superior to blacks. It can also be noted that origin and cast of people also plays a significant role in influencing racism. In countries particularly where different communities co-exist there seem to be a divide betwee n different communities on faith and cast.Thus people of upper cast will never rub shoulders with the lower cast ones. Eventually there is divide in the communities. Although literacy level has increased, the divide from ages among different communities still exists based on racism. Showing an indirect effecting resulting in racism, not meaning a fully planned riot, but not limited to harassment. Students within an elementary school for example, a student whom is the victim of being verbally bullied due to his fellow classmates lack of literacy skills.Only for the reason that all of the Asian culture has a higher grade average then the Latino Americans. Unlike judging his skin color or the way his facial features varies and being bullied on the spot, it takes tame for one to make fun of another over test scores. Out of the many factors that has led to racism that is thriving in today’s society the one’s discussed area few highlights that presence among us. So it can be concluded that racism among humans still exists and is displayed in both direct and indirect ways.Bibliography â€Å"Racism Agaisnt Asians. †Ã‚  Racism Agaisnt Asians. Web. . Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. â€Å"Racism in Sports And Society – New York Times. â€Å"The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Web. 09 Dec. 2011. .

Eleanor Roosevelt essays

Eleanor Roosevelt essays Eleanor Roosevelt was a very important woman in our history. She overcame her problems with her husband to help end the Great Depression. She not only worked against the depression but she was a pioneer in the fight for womens rights. She also helped people by writing her daily column My Day which touched many peoples lives. Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 into a wealthy New York family. Eleanors mother was disappointed because Eleanor was not beautiful and graceful. Eleanor developed an inordinate desire for affection and praise (The American Experience) in response to her plain looks and lack of manners Eleanors greatest wish was to please her father (Freedman p. 9) Eleanors father found no fault in her looks, and Eleanor was completely devoted to him. She enjoyed dressing up and dancing for her father and his friends as a young child. (The American Experience) In 1892 Eleanors mother died of diphtheria and Eleanor happily moved in with her father, who she was separated from when her parents were divorced because of her fathers drinking problems. Two years later her father died of alcoholism. Then Eleanor moved in with her grandmother. In 1899 Eleanors grandmother sent her to Allenswood and all girls boarding school in England. There Eleanor began to develop some assertiveness. Then one of he r teachers chose Eleanor to be her traveling partner in Europe, and Eleanor was introduced to a lifestyle of and independent women (The American Experience). She returned home in 1902. Three years later Eleanor fell in love and was married to her fifth cousin Franklin Roosevelt. Shortly after Roosevelt and Eleanor were married Franklins over protective mother, started to control Eleanor. I was beginning to be and entirely dependent person, Eleanor said, Someone always to decide everything for me. (The America...

Terms Every Aspiring Journalist Needs to Learn

Terms Every Aspiring Journalist Needs to Learn Journalism, like any profession, has its own set of terms, its own lingo, that any working reporter must know in order to understand what people are talking about in a newsroom and to help produce a great news story. Here then are 10 terms that you should know. Lede The lede is the first sentence of a hard-news story; a succinct summary of the story’s main point. Ledes should typically be a single sentence or no more than 35 to 40 words. The best ledes are ones that highlight the most important, newsworthy and interesting aspects of a news story while leaving out secondary details that can be included later in the story.​ Inverted Pyramid The inverted pyramid is the model used to describe how a news story is structured. It means the heaviest or most important news goes at the top of the story, and the lightest, or least important, goes at the bottom. As you move from the top to the bottom of the story, the information presented should gradually become less important. That way, if an editor needs to cut the story to make it fit a particular space, she can cut from the bottom without losing any vital information. Copy Copy simply refers to the content of a news article. Think of it as another word for content. So when we refer to a copy editor, were talking about someone who edits news stories. Beat A beat is a particular area or topic that a reporter covers. On a typical local newspaper, youll have an array of reporters who cover such beats as the police, courts, city hall and school board. At larger papers, beats can become even more specialized. Papers like The New York Times have reporters who cover national security, the Supreme Court, high-tech industries and health care. Byline The byline is the name of the reporter who writes a news story. Bylines are usually placed at the beginning of an article. Dateline The dateline is the city from which a news story originates. This is usually placed at the start of the article, right after the byline. If a story has both a dateline and a byline, that generally indicates that the reporter who wrote the article was actually in the city named in the dateline. But if a reporter is in, say, New York, and is writing about an event in Chicago, he must choose between having a byline but no dateline, or vice versa.   Source A source is anyone you interview for a news story. In most cases, sources are on-the-record, which means they are fully identified, by name and position, in the article for which they have been interviewed. Anonymous source This is a source who does not want to be identified in a news story. Editors generally frown upon using anonymous sources because they are less credible than on-the-record sources, but sometimes anonymous sources are necessary. Attribution Attribution means telling readers where the information in a news story comes from. This is important because reporters dont always have firsthand access to all the information needed for a story; they must rely on sources, such as police, prosecutors or other officials for information. AP Style This refers to Associated Press Style, which is the standardized format and usage for writing news copy. AP Style is followed by most U.S. newspapers and websites. You can learn AP Style for the AP Stylebook.

INTERNATIONAL HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTERNATIONAL HRM - Assignment Example As a result, the concept has evolved to be wider and more complex to be defined within limited words. It has also expanded its dimensions by covering cultural, political, technological and economical divergences in order to determine appropriate set of objectives and strategies in order to attain them. Therefore, HRM practices differ from one nation and geographical region to another. With this belief, the discussion of the paper will emphasise on identifying various dimensions of International HRM in the context of the US. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the impact of political, economical, social and technological factors existing on the HRM practices in the US. Moreover, the paper will critically evaluate and analyse two key areas of HRM in modern day phenomenon, i.e. training & development and performance appraisal applied by a US based multinational company, i.e. Walmart. 2.0. International HRM In recent years, the world has witnessed steep rise in international activi ties which forced the managerial dimension to cross the regional boundaries and enter the international market. For instance, evidences reveal that since the early 20th century, international trade and production operations have increased substantially. This forced national companies to expand their business in the global platform recognising them as Multinational Companies (MNCs). Consequently, there are also few challenges which are faced by MNCs while implementing their HRM practices in the international platform. However, managing dichotomous cultures and economic factors with efficiency is termed to be the most challenging tasks of International HRM (IHRM) (Tayeb, 2005). Similar set of challenges were also faced by the US based MNCs in their global operations. Studies reveal that during early period, most of the US based international companies witnessed failure in their global operations, especially in managing their human resources with efficacy due to lack of effectiveness i n the HRM policies. In other words, the companies were concerned in practicing similar kind of HRM policies in the international platform as it did in the national context, i.e. in the US. Consequently, the practices lacked affectivity and efficacy and thus faced the challenges in terms of expatriation (Ashamalla, 1998). In this context, numerous researches have been performed to identify the effect of global and local factors in determining the efficacy of IHRM practices by the US based international companies. Most of the researches stated that the IHRM practices and policies of the companies operating globally often tended to provided greater significance to the local factors without entirely ignoring the prospects of their parent companies. Evidences have also revealed that different factors existing in the external environment influences the IHRM practices. For instance, the IHRM practices and policies executed by the Japanese leaders globally tend to be highly focussed on the localised factors in terms of ‘corporate welfarism’, but in a tailored manner to adopt the changes present in the targeted market while training the expatriates. Likewise, the IHRM policies and practices implemented by the US subsidiaries tend to be based on developmental strategies to a large extent with a similar concern. Therefore, it becomes quite apparent that both the international and national factors influence the IHRM practices

Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Environmental - Essay Example This means that France alone has a stronger economy almost compared to all the 22 countries put together. Germany (3,401.0) has a higher GDP than all the 22 countries combined. This is followed by Japan (5,964.0) and the biggest difference comes from USA (15,680.0) (CIA). This is to say that the USA has the strongest economy and has reliable economic power to exploit and control the oil in the Middle East. The 2012 GDP of Israel (240.9) lies way below that of the combined states in the Middle East. However, when compared to Gaza and Westbank combined (6.641) creates a very big difference. Israel lays a stronger economic position than the Westbank and Gaza by a minimum thirty six times. That translates to Israel having a lot of control in the region especially compared to its neighbour. The geo-political relations in the region have largely contributed to who owns much stake in the Middle East oil (Central Intelligence Agency). For instance, the USA, a world power and its allies (UK, France, Japan and Germany) therefore have a large stake in the control of oil in the Middle East. According to TÃ ©treault (2012), oil ownership and relations to the stronger powers have given some Middle East countries more power than others. TÃ ©treault, Mary Ann. "The Political Economy of Middle Eastern Oil." 2012. University of California Library. 30 January 2014