Desire to be disabled: Body Integrity Identity Disorder

Desire to be disabled: Body Integrity Identity Disorder Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) is a rare phenomenon in which individuals desire to become disabled through the amputation of fully functioning limbs. BIID is described as the disparity between the individuals perception of their body and the actual form of their physical body (Bayne Levy, 2005). Other psychological disorders and classifications have been linked to BIID, including Gender Identity Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Hypochondriasis. The neurological origins of BIID are unknown at this time, and treatment of this condition through elective amputation is highly controversial. As a clinical audiologist, it is important to recognize symptoms of BIID in patients, as well as being aware of the possible treatment of BIID through vestibular testing. Arguments for and against elective amputation will also be discussed, as well as differential diagnoses of BIID. Audiology and BIID As a clinical audiologist, coming into contact with a patient who has Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) is rare. However, the possibility does exist and it is important to understand the characteristics if one should encounter a BIID patient. The awareness of BIID in the audiology field can come into play concerning treatment of BIID, with one possible option incorporating aspects of vestibular testing. Body Integrity Identity Disorder John first took leftover prescription painkillers and numbed his left foot in ice water to reduce impending pain. He then buried his foot in dry ice for six hours to induce severe frostbite and force surgeons to operate (Adams, 2007). The previous insert from William Lee Adams article, Amputee Wannabes, describes a 33-year-old mans wish for amputation of his foot. There was nothing physically or medically wrong with this limb; John only stated that he did not feel comfortable with his own body and felt as though his foot was not a part of him. After causing severe frostbite to spread throughout his foot, Johns leg was amputated above the knee. Post-surgery, he went on to describe that the operation resolved his anxiety and allowed him to be at ease in his own body (Adams, 2007). What causes someone to desire amputation of a healthy limb? This desire was first reported by French surgeon Jean-Joseph Sue in 1785 (Lawrence, 2006). However, this delusion only began to receive public attention in the early 2000s due to the increase in documented cases. Soon thereafter, a psychiatric condition titled Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), previously known as Amputee Identity Disorder (AID), became the more favorable diagnosis for these individuals. Currently, it is estimated that only a few thousand people worldwide are afflicted with BIID (Henig, 2005). BIID is described as a disparity between the individuals perception of their body and the actual form of their physical body (Bayne Levy, 2005). A common complaint of these individuals is that the limb is alien and feels as though it is not part of them. Remarkably, those with BIID are often free of psychological issues, outside of their desire for amputation. Many are of normal intelligence, have families, and hold jobs such as lawyers, professors, and doctors (Henig, 2005). So what triggers these seemingly normal individuals to desire amputation? The neurological origins of this disorder are unknown, yet those with BIID share similar backgrounds. Most are exposed to an amputee at a young age, usually before they are 4 years old, and the fascination stems from this encounter. They begin to experience discomfort with their own bodies, and the delusion is full-blown by the time they reach puberty. As the leading BIID researcher at Columbia University, Michael First believes that these individuals encounter an amputee while they are still in the developmental stage in which normal individuals come to accept the existence of their own arms and legs. He believes the sight of an amputee prevents such acceptance (Adams, 2007). Although the neurological cause of BIID is unidentified, many associations have been made between BIID and other psychoses in order to narrow down the diagnosis. Whether this disorder occurs because of a single experience during childhood, or stems from a combination of other psychological conditions, it is important to discuss other closely related diagnoses of BIID. Differential Diagnoses of BIID Some professionals, such as Michael First, have suggested that BIID may involve a similar psychological desire as is seen in Gender Identity Disorder (GID), better known as transsexualism (Lawrence, 2006). GID is a condition in which wrong embodiment is the main concern. More commonly, a male patient feels as though they are a female trapped in a males body. In both BIID and GID, dissatisfaction with ones own body occurs because their body part in question disagrees with their perceived sense of self (MÃ ¼ller, 2009). This displeasure, as well as the desire for amputation, is the commonality of BIID and GID. Similarities also exist between BIID and a condition known as Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). The desired outcome of those with BDD is also amputation, but these individuals mistakenly believe that a part of their body is disease-ridden or remarkably ugly. BDD ties in closely to anorexia nervosa, being that they are both delusions based on misguided perceptions of ones own body (Bayne Levy, 2005). On the contrary, the only grounds for amputation for those with BIID revolved around the fact that the body part felt foreign, despite the individuals knowledge that the limb was perfectly healthy. Desiring a Disability Individuals who are suffering with BIID have also been associated with individuals who desire to become disabled, or truly believe they are disabled or sick when they are not. One such disorder is known as Hypochondriasis, with the term hypochondriac being used more often for these individuals. Hypochondriasis is a psychiatric disorder where an individual constantly fears that they have or, at some point, will have a serious disease, even when there is no medical proof or diagnosis (Hypochondriasis, 2002). These individuals misinterpret their physical feelings as symptoms of a serious disease, similarly to those with BIID who misinterpret their healthy body part as not being part of them. Symptoms that hypochondriacs face are also similar to those with BIID, including severe anxiety and depression. Hypochondriacs are not fabricating their symptoms, and become extremely concerned with minor problems such as excessive sweating, dizziness, and occasional tinnitus (Hypochondriasis, 2002) . Hypochondriasis can also be as socially debilitating as BIID, in that it also causes individuals to not function at work or in their daily lives. Another phenomenon associated with the desire to be disabled is known as non-organic hearing loss (NOHL). NOHL is described as responses to a hearing test indicating a deficit greater than can be explained by organic pathology (Austen Lynch, 2004). Some motives for NOHL behavior include monetary and personal gain, such as being involved in a car accident and fabricating a hearing loss as a conjunctive injury. However, not all individuals who are labeled as NOHL are malingering; some truly believe they have a hearing loss, or do not respond to the audiological testing even though their hearing sensitivity is normal. There are also those known as deaf wannabes, who, much like amputee wannabes, desire to belong to a community that is based on the disability or disorder. Deaf wannabes may have grown up in the deaf community, and although they have normal hearing sensitivity, wish to be deaf themselves. Overall, these conditions listed above may or may not be exclusive. An individual may not suffer from desired amputation based solely on the condition of BIID, BDD, or GID alone. Rather, they may suffer from a variety of combinations of these disorders, including Hypochondriasis and NOHL. With NOHL as a possible association, audiologists may be included in the group of professionals who interact and help with the treatment of these patients. That being said, the associations of these disorders and the knowledge that they are closely linked may lead to the best possible diagnosis of individuals who suffer from a desired disability. Arguments in Favor of Healthy Limb Amputation Many individuals who suffer with BIID believe that amputation is the only option. Upon learning of BIID, most people would consider it a psychotic disorder that by no means should be solved through elective amputation. However, the argument for permission of amputation by surgeons has been strongly considered. Individuals with BIID often feel desperate, and if this frustration continues it may lead to dangerous behaviors. These behaviors may include self-inflicted wounds, causing infection of these wounds, and burning a limb to injure it beyond repair in order to provoke amputation. Furthermore, these individuals may go as far as carrying out amputation on their own if a surgeon will not do it. Between 1997 and 1999, elective amputations were allowed in the United Kingdom in order to avoid these hazardous behaviors of individuals with BIID. However, such operations were quickly banned after they caught the attention of the public (Sorene et al., 2006). In order to minimize the harm t hat these individuals may inflict on themselves, amputation of healthy limbs by competent surgeons may be a viable option. Another argument for the amputation of healthy limbs would be that an individual has the right to alter ones body in the pursuit of acceptance and happiness (Jotkowitz Zivotofsky, 2009). Similar to those who undergo cosmetic surgery, as well as those who have had surgery due to Gender Identity Disorder, individuals with BIID are unsatisfied with their physical appearance and desire a change. Although both cosmetic surgery and GID surgery also encounter many arguments against altering ones appearance or gender, they are nationally recognized as an accepted medical practice. If these types of surgery are allowed to improve ones body image, then elective amputations may not be far-removed from these common practices. A final argument for the amputation of healthy limbs is the possible therapeutic effects that may occur post-surgery. Bayne and Levy (2005) describe this argument in four stages: (1) the individual suffers because of their condition; (2) amputation is expected to provide relief from this suffering; (3) less-serious approaches and treatments will not bring about this relief; and (4) the severity of amputation is minimal compared to finding relief of this disorder. Some individuals who are afflicted with BIID have stated that their condition has interfered with their social lives (Bayne Levy, 2005), including their jobs and leisure activities. These individuals do have valid emotions and are truly suffering from an internal crisis, so regardless of the diagnosis of BIID, psychological intervention is necessary. Also, seeing as some BIID individuals go to extreme measures in order to reach liberation from their unwanted limbs, the therapeutic effects may be reason enough to allow healt hy limb amputations. Arguments against Healthy Limb Amputation Without question, the allowance of healthy limb amputations by surgeons would inevitably be met by resistant forces. Society is likely to lead these arguments with feelings of repugnance and disgust. In the case of individuals who have lost limbs from accidents or disease, the thought of amputating a fully functioning limb is appalling. Paddy Rossbach, the president of Amputation Coalition of America, stated that Its very difficult for people who have been through what they consider to be a devastating life experience to understand why anybody would want to mutilate himself in this way, (Henig, 2005). Others who suffered unwanted amputation often say that the existence of BIID diminishes what they have been going through emotionally. Desired amputation will meet public disdain, and those who have experienced unwanted amputation will undoubtedly be at the forefront. An additional argument against healthy limb amputations is the life-threatening consequences of such operations. According to MÃ ¼ller (2009), the principle of nonmaleficence states that physicians should not perform amputations without medical necessity. Such amputations often have severe consequences besides causing the individual to be disabled, including infection, phantom pains, thrombosis, paralysis, and necrosis (MÃ ¼ller, 2009). Furthermore, such operations may not be successful at bringing about the desired relief. In some cases, desire for a new amputation of a previously accepted limb may follow the first operation (Hilti Brugger, 2010). Amputation causes irreversible damage that may not heal properly, and if the operation is not justified based on life-saving measures, permission of such operations may never be accepted. Possible Treatment: Vestibular Caloric Testing? A final argument against healthy limb amputations is the possibility of vestibular caloric stimulation as a treatment option for BIID. Although the neurological cause of BIID is unknown, one speculation is the involvement of the right parietal lobe. Evidence of somatoparaphrenia, or the belief that part of ones own body is not their own, has been documented in cases of right parietal lobe stroke patients (MÃ ¼ller, 2009). Neuroscientists Vilayanur Ramachandran and Paul McGeoch suggested that the right parietal lobe may also be involved in BIID patients, with supportive evidence that most who desire amputation show a left-side preference, as well as an emotional rejection of their unwanted limb (MÃ ¼ller, 2009). The speculation that vestibular caloric stimulation (specifically left-ear cold water irrigation) may be a treatment option for BIID is based on its known temporary treatment of somatoparaphrenia. Benefits of caloric stimulation over amputation include less-expensive treatme nt, lack of side effects, and immediate results showing if the treatment is working or not (Ryan, 2009). Overall, a trial of vestibular caloric stimulation should be the first step in treatment of BIID, and a clinical audiologist would perform this type of testing. For this reason, knowledge of BIID and the expertise to deal with these types of patients is important for audiologists to understand. Although caloric testing has not been proven to relieve BIID patients of their suffering, and the effects on bodily awareness may disappear as soon as the caloric stimulation has stopped, it is a less drastic approach that has been speculated to be successful. In Conclusion The limited knowledge of BIID as a valid psychological condition, as well as causes and treatments, is a barrier to finding some sort of relief for these individuals. Whether or not elective amputation is the solution for patients with BIID, the drastic decision to remove ones limb forever should not be made until more is known regarding BIID. Regardless of the background and probable causes of this disorder, individuals are still suffering daily from the notion that a body part is not their own. Intervention is necessary for BIID patients, whether it be vestibular testing by an audiologist, or other therapeutic remedies. Physicians should perform a thorough diagnostic evaluation when encountering a patient with BIID. Prior to causing irreversible damage to that individuals body, other treatment options and therapy should be researched.

South African Apartheid Essay -- South Africa Apartheid Essays

Have you ever wondered how it would feel to be considered inferior because of your race? The people of South Africa had to endure racial inferiority during the era of apartheid. The apartheid laws the government of South Africa made led to an unequal lifestyle for the blacks and produced opposition. South Africa really began to suffer when apartheid was written into the law. Apartheid was first introduced in the 1948 election that the Afrikaner National Party won. The plan was to take the already existing segregation and expand it (Wright, 60). Apartheid was a system that segregated South Africa’s population racially and considered non-whites inferior (â€Å"History of South Africa in the apartheid era†). Apartheid was designed to make it legal for Europeans to dominate economics and politics (â€Å"History of South Africa in the apartheid era†). Apartheid consisted of a set of unequal laws that favored the whites (â€Å"History of South Africa in the apartheid era†). The Race Classification Act, which divided everyone into four race groups, whites, blacks, coloreds, and Indians were the first of many major laws (Evans, 8). Hundreds of thousands of black South Africans were forced to leave their homes and move into special reservations called â€Å"homelands† or Bantustans that were set up for them (Evans, 8). There were twenty-three million blacks and they were divided into nine tribal groups, Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, North and South Sotho, Venda, Tsonga, Swansi, and South Ndebele, and each group were moved into a separate homeland (Evans, 8). Another major law was the Groups Area Act, which secluded the twenty-three million blacks to 14 percent of land, leaving 86 percent of the land for the 4.8 million (Evans, 9). Under apartheid laws a minority ... ...rry their pass books (â€Å"Black’s resistance to Apartheid†). â€Å"During 1980 there were 304 major incidents concerning struggle with apartheid including arrests, tear gas violence, stoning, and strikes (â€Å"Black’s resistance to Apartheid†). In 1986 violent conflict forced the government to assert a national state of emergency (Wright, 68). The Public Safety Act increased penalties such as fining, imprisonment, and whippings for protesting the law (â€Å"History of South Africa in the apartheid era†). Finally in 1990 De Klerk, president of South Africa unbanned the ANC (‘History of South Africa in the apartheid era†). In 1994 the first free multiracial elections were held and the people voted to end apartheid (â€Å"History of South Africa in the apartheid era†). Nelson Mandela was elected president (Wright, 66). The opposition to apartheid helped turn things around in South Africa.

Why is Aluminium utilised in the contemporary world?

Aluminium is used extravagantly in the contemporary world, primarily due to its unique structure and desirable properties. Further, aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust; thus, scarcity is not a problem. It is a member of the Boron group of chemical elements, and is ‘the most widely used non-ferrous metal’ (Planet Ark, 2010). It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is necessary to consider the fact that ‘pure aluminium is not often used as it has poor mechanical properties. It is usually alloyed with other metals or silicon’ (Chemical Industry Education Centre, 2011). A key area in which aluminium alloys are utilised is for the construction of aircraft and rockets. Aircraft manufacturers use high-strength aluminium alloys for the construction of aircraft and rockets. This is because aluminium (the predominant element of the alloy) is able to be compounded with other metals and substances, is highly malleable, resistant to corrosion and consists of a high strength to density ratio, in comparison to other metals. ‘Aluminium is used in virtually all segments of the aircraft, missile and spacecraft industry-in airframes, engines, accessories, and tankage for liquid fuel and oxidizers’ (Davis, 2000).Further, Aluminium 7075 is an aluminium alloy that is used heavily in the construction of aircraft and rockets (The Aluminum Association, 2008). Aluminium consists of a low ionisation energy, as well as a relatively high atomic radius, in comparison to other metals. The ground state valence electron configuration of Aluminium is 3s2 3p1 (Web Elements Ltd, 2011). Consequently, Aluminium comprises of three valence electrons, which are able to be shared with other elements, or in this instance, metal atoms. In addition, as aluminium has a low ionization number, 6.0 Electron Volts (Ev), as well as moderately low ionisation energies, this implies that the valence electrons of aluminium atoms are not strongly held by the nucleus, and are thus, delocalized. Delocalized electrons are not restricted to one atom or another; they are distributed across several atoms in the solid. Thus, valence electrons can move freely out of the influence of their kernels (atomic orbit/structure minus valence electrons). Consequently, aluminium, and other metals, has free mobile electrons (Tutor Vista, 2010). In addition, the bonding in metals is often described through the â€Å"electron sea model†. Another reason as to why Aluminium is able to be compounded with other elements pertains to its electronegativity. Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons (Clark, 2009). The Pauling Scale is used to measure the electronegativity of a particular element. Metal's reactivity is dependent on their electropositivity; thus, a metal with a higher value in the Pauling Scale is less reactive than another metal with a lower value in the Pauling Scale (Tutor Vista, 2010). The electronegativity of aluminium is 1.61 Pauling units (Pu) (refer to table 3), whereas the electronegativity of copper is 1.65 Pu and iron, 1.83 Pu (refer to table 3). Thus, aluminium is more reactive than copper and steel, and is able to be adeptly bonded with other elements. (Other factors are involved) Malleability is the ability of a metal to exhibit large deformation or plastic response when being subjected to compressive force (Engineers Edge, 2012). The key reason as to why Aluminium is highly malleable pertains to its polycrystalline structure. The polycrystalline structure of aluminium consists of various dislocations, or crystallographic defects. The presence and movement of these dislocations, gives rise to characteristic and desirable metallic properties, for instance, malleability (Davyson). Aluminium is highly resistant to corrosion. This is primarily because a thin visible oxide forms instantly, when the metal is exposed to the atmosphere. These substances are formed as aluminium has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p1, and oxygen has the electron configuration 1s22s22p4; this means that aluminium loses 1-3 valance electrons to oxygen, yielding aluminium cations with a 3+ charge, as well as oxygen atoms with a 2- charge. This is an example of an ionic bond. In addition, when Aluminium oxide is formed, it consists of a noble gas configuration, and; therefore, is balanced as well as stable. The formation of Aluminium oxide can be represented by the following formula: 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s) Further, this oxide layer is one of the main reasons for aluminium’s good corrosion properties; it is self-repairing if damaged, and is stable in the general ph range 4-9 (SAPA Profiles UK Ltd, 2010). When aluminium is used for the construction of aircraft and rockets, it is often anodized to improve strength, and colour (Davis, 2000). Aluminium 7075 possesses an incredibly high strength to density ratio. The maximum/ultimate tensile strength of the alloy varies from 40000 psi to 78000 psi, depending on the grade of the temper (Alcoa, 2011). It is strong, with strength comparable to many steels (iron). The tensile strength of iron (Fe) is approximately 40,000 psi (All Metals & Forge Group, 2011). Aluminium 7075 has a density of 2.8g/cm ³; where as the density of steel is 7.87 g/cm ³, approximately 282.07% greater. The low atomic mass, 26.982 AMU, and high atomic radius of aluminium, 182pm, relate to the principal reason as to why it has a low density, in comparison to iron. Iron, on the other hand, has an atomic mass of 58.845 AMU and an atomic radius of 172pm. Aluminium consists of a face-centred cubic (fcc) crystal structure, whereas iron has a body-centred cubic structure. The atomic packing factor (APF) of a face-centred cubic crystal structure is 0.74, whilst the APF of a body-centred cubic crystal structure is 0.68. Although aluminium comprises of a more compact atomic structure, the fact that Aluminium has a higher atomic radius, as well as lower atomic mass, in comparison to that of iron; thus, having less mass in a certain space than iron, allows it to have a lower density. This pertains to the fact that density is equal to mass over volume (d=m/v). Aluminium is used extravagantly in the contemporary world, primarily due to its unique structure and desirable properties. A Key area in which aluminium is utilised is for the construction of aircraft and rockets. The reasons, as to why aluminium is used in this particular application, are apparent and abundant. Bibliography Alcoa. (2011). Alloy 7075. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from Alcoa: http://www.alcoa.com/mill_products/catalog/pdf/alloy7075techsheet.pdf All Metals & Forge Group. (2011). Metal Tidbits, Tensile Strength. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from All Metals & Forge Group Web site: http://www.steelforge.com/metaltidbits/tensilestrength.htm Chemical Industry Education Centre. (2011). Aluminium: Uses. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from Greener Industry: http://www.greener-industry.org.uk/pages/aluminium/aluminium_2uses.htm Clark, J. (2009). Electronegativity. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 14-February from Chemguide Web site: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/electroneg.html Davis, J. (2000). Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. New York: ASM International. Davyson, S. (n.d.). The Structure of Aluminium. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from Aluminium: http://sam.davyson.com/as/physics/aluminium/siteus/structure.html Engineers Edge. (2012). Malleability – Strength (Mechanics) of Materials. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 4-February from Engineers Edge Web site: http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/malleability.htm Planet Ark. (2010 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 10-December). Aluminium. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from Planet Ark: http://cans.planetark.org/recycling-info/facts.cfm SAPA Profiles UK Ltd. (2010). Aluminium's Corrosion Resistance. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 14-February from Aluminium Design: http://www.aluminiumdesign.net/corrosion-resistance.html Swarthmore College Computer Society. (2012). Ductility. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from Swarthmore College Computer Society Web site: http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Ductility.html The Aluminum Association. (2008). Aluminum in Aircraft. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from The Aluminum Association website: http://www.aluminum.org/CONTENT/NAVIGATIONMENU/THEINDUSTRY/TRANSPORTATIONMARKET/AIRCRAFT/DEFAULT.HTM Tutor Vista. (2010). Bonding in Metallic solids. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 11-February from Tutor Vista Web site: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/physical-chemistry/metallic-bonding.html Web Elements Ltd. (2011). Properties of Aluminium Atoms. Retrieved 2012 à Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ » 12-February from Web Elements: the Periodic Table on the Web: http://www.webelements.com/aluminium/atoms.html

Samurai Strict Code Of Samurai - 1599 Words

Bushido – strict code of samurai, one that honors Japanese traditions in relation to honor and loyalty (Dictionary.com) Hara-kiri or seppuku – killing or scarifying yourself to bring honor to their name when they are in a situation where death by their own sword is better than being capture by the enemy (Dictionary.com). Shogun – Military commander in Japanese history (Dictionary.com) Fool – a jester or entertainer for royalty to provide entertainment at any given time. Prologue – the back ground information or intro on a story before the story begins. Epilogue – follow up to the ending of a story. Conflict – a problem or obstacle that a character or group of characters must overcome. Climax – the most dramatic or highest point in the story prior to the conclusion. Denouement – the point in the story where the solution to a conflict occurs (Dictionary.com) Comedy in a dramatic sense – a story of drama that resolves the conflict in the opposite manner such as joy verses a dramatic ending (Dictionary.com) Tragedy in a dramatic sense – a story with the main character dealing with disastrous circumstances which usually affect the every aspect of their life (Dictionary.com) Response 1 In the 1985 film, Ran depicts several themes such as family, power and war. In the prologue of the film, respect and honor is shown by Hidetora’s sons as they listen to him make an announcement in regards to his kingdom and his retirement (Ran). 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