Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Hits Essay - 1756 Words

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) hits very close to home for me. Considering I have been a child/adult with Autism, I thought the topic of how to handle people with Autism in the health care industry was a good fit. As a child, I personally had difficulties going to the doctor. I have had countless unpleasant encounters with doctors, and I understand what Autistic people go through. If there was more understanding of the condition and more culture competence towards the issues faced with someone having Autism, there would be more autistic people who receive health care. As some may know, Autism is a disorder which makes communication and social interaction difficult for the one affected. Autism is commonly referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Autism is made up of different â€Å"levels† and the patient can be severely autistic or mildly autistic as with Asperger’s Syndrome. 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In both novels, the protagonists, Christopher Boone and Jimmy Flick respectively, have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). â€Å"For individuals with disabilities, constructing identities is a highly social, ongoing process. This process can be particularly challenging, given the powerful negative discourses of disability.† (Bagatell, 2007: pp. 413-426) ChristopherRead MoreAutism Is A Pervasive Developmental Disorder1796 Words   |  8 Pages Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by a person’s difficulty to communicate. This is due to neurological or biological dysfunction, and is usually diagnosed during early childhood. Autism Spectrum Disorder is more prevalent in boys than in girls. These children can present symptoms of limited or no speech development; they only use direct communication for immediate needs such as water, bathroom or sleep. 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Researchers use many different types of scales to measure and compare the difference between children with ASD and typically developing children. Methodology Study 1 Morgan, Lindee, Wetherby, Amy M., Barber, Angie (2008) Repetitive and stereotyped movements in children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year

Understand the Organisational Framework for Play - 3604 Words

Emma Hawkins PW 3-11 Understand the organisational Framework for Play â€Å"The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child. Everyone in the U.K, including children and young people, have rights that are recognised and protected. These rights are granted by legislation, for example, Human right legislation, The Children Act, etc, which have evolved from a variety of sources. One of these sources is The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child. Before this was adopted any laws relating to the care and protection of children and young people gave all rights to the child’s parents to do as they felt fit. The Convention on the Rights of the child is an international treaty which has been adopted by the U.K. It was approved by†¦show more content†¦It is vital to stay up to date with these. Play organisations will have set policies and procedures that relate to and include the rights of the children and young people in the setting. Recent changes in legislation mean that these policies and procedures will need reviewing and more than likely updating regularly. By evaluating policies and procedures you should be able to judge the impact they have on children’s rights. â€Å"Current theories about inclusive play revolve around the idea that play is important for life and that all play workers should be committed to creating play environments that are inclusive and that offer multi-sensory experiences for all children. Play environments should ensure children and young people can become involved in imaginary play and can help develop motor activity. They should also allow interaction in a safe environment. Play is seen as the language that can bring children of all different abilities together. All children and young people have the same basic needs and go through the same development stages, even though they may not all go through them at the same pace: some go through some stages more quickly than most, while others may become static in their development for a while. None of this should prevent access to any setting. Through play with other children they develop social skills and learn about behaviour, communication and friendship. Play is the to ol for practical learningShow MoreRelatedManagement For A Small Planet : Book Review1356 Words   |  6 Pageshumans are doing everything possible to squeeze more and more from less and less. However, with the emergence of new technology this can be changed. Becoming Part of Something Larger The most crucial part of doing business in today’s world is to understand how to make a positive contributions to the quality of life while earning a profit. 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Services Of A Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay Example For Students

Services Of A Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay A competent design squad is important for any new edifice undertaking harmonizing to Lee ( 2008:127 ) . The measure surveyor can be a really valuable add-on to the design squad for the client, giving adept advice on contractual and fiscal affairs. The measure surveyor will hold the client s involvement as his figure one precedence and his services can be of great value to any individual sing building a new edifice. Harmonizing to Bowles A ; Le Roux ( 1992:1 ) any individual sing edifice or investment in building undertakings needs adept advice from a measure surveyor. No affair the size or complexness of a undertaking, the measure surveyor provides valuable advice through the assorted phases of the undertaking. The Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments ( 2006 ) states that any client who is sing constructing any construction of any size, altering an bing construction or investment in building undertakings no affair how simple or complex, needs the adept advice of a professional measure surveyor for set uping budgets, hard currency flows, cost planning, cost direction and obtaining value for money. Construction undertakings differ from each other and every undertaking has its ain alone challenges. Construction undertakings are non standard merchandises which have been designed and mass manufactured in a controlled environment. There is a deficiency of a comparatively stable market monetary value. This is due to monthly payments which are made as the work returns, before the undertaking reaches completion. As a consequence of technological, fiscal and economical influences the methods adopted for building work are varied and complex and the adept advice of a measure surveyor should be obtained before the start of any undertaking planning. This is the chief grounds why there is a demand for the services of a measure surveyor. ( Bowles A ; Le Roux, 1992:2 ) The ordinary member of the general populace has small cognition or experience in the building industry. However economically active persons who can be seen as possible clients for residential building undertakings are frequently loath to use the services of a professional measure surveyor. Harmonizing to Lee ( 2008:123 ) , a possible booby trap for the first-time householder is to use the services of a non-reputable contractor who is non affiliated to the National Home Builders Registration Council ( NHBRC ) . Members of the general populace who are non experienced in the building industry can be subjected to un-ethical patterns and this may take to their development. Due to the many jobs caused by these un-ethical and non-reputable contractors to the householders and other belongings professionals, the South African authorities passed statute law in 2001 known as the Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act. The purpose of this Act is to guard householders against non-reputable contractors who build to substandard quality and so decline to be held responsible. ( Lee, 2008:123 ) One factor which may discourage people from utilizing the services of a measure surveyor is the professional fees. Harmonizing to research done by Cruywagen and Snyman ( 2005 ) professional measure appraising services can be rendered as low-cost in South Africa. The research shows that, due to the fight of the market, it has become the norm for measure surveyors to cut down professional fees. Cruywagen and Snyman ( 2005 ) , province that there is a distinguishable relationship between the profitableness for the measure surveyor and the value of a undertaking. This means residential undertakings are non profitable as compared to large industrial developments, shopping centres etc. This may be the ground for the deficiency of selling in the residential sector and why the general populace is non cognizant of the measure appraising profession. The intent of this survey is to place and understand the specific function of the professional measure surveyor in the building industry and to explicate the important consequence a measure surveyor can hold on a building undertaking. Outline1 1.2 Problem Statement2 1.3 Hypothesis3 1.4 Aims4 1.5 Methodology5 1.6 Restrictions6 1.7 Premises7 Chapter TWO8 THE QUANTITY SURVEYING PROFESSION9 2.1 Introduction10 2.2 History of the measure surveyor11 2.3 Contractor s measure surveyor12 2.4 The professional measure surveyor13 2.4.1 Standard measure surveying services14 2.4.2 Competences of the professional measure surveyor15 2.4.3 Professional measure surveying fees16 2.4.3.1 Time Charges17 2.4.3.2 Percentage fees18 2.5 Estimating and cost advice19 2.5.1 Clients brief20 2.5.2 Feasibility surveies21 2.6 Use of measure of measures22 2.7 Decision 1.2 Problem Statement The general populace who is non involved in the building industry is incognizant of the measure appraising profession and the maps the measure surveyor perform and this deficiency of cognition can take to development. 1.3 Hypothesis For the intent of this survey the undermentioned hypotheses are set out: The general populace is incognizant of the measure appraising profession and the services the profession provide. Fees associated with the measure surveyor may intimidate householders who are looking to finish a undertaking with every bit small investing as possible, non recognizing that the measure surveyor can salvage you a significant sum of money by supplying you with adept advice on fiscal and contractual affairs. 1.4 Aims This survey has four primary aims. The aims are to: Outline the specific function of the measure surveyor. Recognize the major consequence a measure surveyor can hold on a edifice undertaking Make the general public aware of the measure appraising profession and the maps the measure surveyor performs. To larn why the general populace is loath to utilize the services of a measure surveyor. 1.5 Methodology A qualitative research attack will be follow for the intent of this survey. The research worker will carry on a comprehensive reappraisal of relevant literature on the subject. The research worker will concentrate on the measure appraising profession and the services it provide. Extensive personal interviews will be conducted with professional measure surveyors. To understand the broader image there will besides be interviews with members of the general populace who late became householders ( of freshly constructed edifices ) . Attention will be given to whether or non the services of a measure surveyor was utilized and if non, why? 1.6 Restrictions The research will be limited to the residential building industry. The focal point will be on services of professional measure surveyors and non that of the contractor s measure surveyor. Interviews with members of the general populace will be limited to those who were late involved with the building of a residential edifice. Furthermore, for the intent of this survey, these persons will except belongings developers. 1.7 Premises The research worker assumed that all informations collected are accurate and all interviews conducted were answered truthfully. Chapter TWO THE QUANTITY SURVEYING PROFESSION 2.1 Introduction In this chapter all the literature on the related subject collected by the research worker will be reviewed. This reappraisal will include literature on the history of the measure surveyor, the contractor s measure surveyor, competences of a professional measure surveyor, fees of the professional measure surveyor, gauging and cost advice every bit good as the usage of a measure of measures. The nucleus focal point nevertheless will be to sketch the specific maps of the professional measure surveyor. 2.2 History of the measure surveyor Harmonizing to the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors ( 2010 ) , the measure appraising profession started with the bend of the 19th century. The first recorded usage of the term Quantity surveyor was in 1859. Before so the footings measurer , Custom surveyor or surveyor were used. At that clip it was usage for the surveyor to work for the maestro builders, mensurating the completed work and frequently subjecting biased concluding histories to the edifice proprietors. As a consequence of this behaviour it became the norm for edifice proprietors to come in into a contract and invite stamps before any work commenced. Harmonizing to Bowles A ; Le Roux ( 1992:4 ) , this gave rise to competition and builders tendering realized that they were passing an huge sum of clip and attempt measurement and ciphering to get at a stamp figure. In add-on there was the added danger that the builders interpreted the designer s drawings otherwise which would take to inaccurate pricing and consequence in the stamps non being calculated on an unvarying footing. The builders realized that a surveyor could be employed to move as an indifferent individual to mensurate the measures on their behalf. This insured that the builders tendered on the same footing whilst sharing the cost for the surveyor. Building proprietors were afraid of unethical pattern between the builder s and the surveyor and realized it would be to their personal advantage to name and counterbalance the measure surveyor. This is how the independent professional measure surveyor gained adviser position. Claudius EssayAn in agreement per centum of the contract value ; A lump-sum fee ; Any other fee arranged between the measure surveyor and the client. 2.4.3.1 Time Charges The following recommended hourly clip charges for the private sector were approved by The South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession with consequence from 1 January 2010 ( SACQSP, 2010 ) . ( All rates are sole of VAT. ) Not transcending 5 old ages experience R 700-00 Exceeding 5 old ages and non transcending 10 old ages experience R 1 250-00 Exceeding 10 old ages experience R 1 750-00 Specialist work R 2 190-00 2.4.3.2 Percentage fees By utilizing table 3 a basic fee will be determined and multiplied by the appropriate per centum ( Table 4, 5 A ; 6 ) . The basic fee shall be calculated on the value for fee intents ( see table 3 ) . Table 3: Basic fee ( SACQSP, 2010 ) Table 4: Appropriate per centums for edifice work ( SACQSP, 2010 ) Table 5: Appropriate per centums for technology work ( SACQSP, 2010 ) Table 6. Appropriate per centums for direction services ( SACQSP, 2010 ) Once the primary charge ( table 3 ) is established, the sum is multiplied by the appropriate per centum. In add-on to this there will be a fringy rate which would be added to the primary charge. The gross sum will be collectible to the measure surveyor as the professional fees. 2.5 Estimating and cost advice Aibinu and Pasco ( 2008:1258 ) provinces: Pre-tender cost appraisal ( or early phase cost appraisal ) is the prediction of the cost of a undertaking during the planning and design phase. Research done by Trost and Oberlender ( 2003 ) identified 11 factors that play a function in the preciseness of estimations of which the 5 most of import are: Process design ; Estimator squad experience and cost information ; Time spent on readying of estimation ; Site demands ; The current labor and command clime. Harmonizing to Bennett, Morrison and Stevens ( 1981 ) estimating is the chief map of cost planning services provided by the measure surveyor. They conclude that cost planning is unsuccessful without nice estimating. Morrison ( 1984:57 ) provinces that measure surveyors have developed different methods for gauging to cover with the big assortment of undertakings and designs. These different methods differ in item with some estimations being really thorough, for case a priced measure of measures. Other may be really simple and merely imply a simple ball amount estimation. All other factors being equal, the estimation s truth will increase as the item and clip spent in fixing the estimation additions. 2.5.1 Clients brief The client, designer ( design squad ) and the measure surveyor are the most of import members in the in the undertaking briefing procedure. Harmonizing to research done ( Bowen, Pearl, Nkado A ; Edwards, n.d. ) it is critical to hold an efficient client brief if the client is to make his aims with respect to the clip, cost and quality of the undertaking. Insufficient briefing of the design squad by the client can take to major defeat and sadness for the client. The brief process is the procedure where the client explains and enchantments out the aims and demands of a undertaking ( Bowen et al. , n.d. ) . Bowen ( 1993 ) states that: The intent of this phase is for the clients to pass on to the design squad and specializer advisers their demands and aims in originating the undertaking. For the client to be satisfied, the design of the edifice must carry through the client s demands with respects to the proficient facets and quality criterions. In add-on to this the undertaking must be completed within the budget and on clip ( Seymour A ; Louw, 1990 ) . In order to accomplish this, a elaborate and complete client brief is necessary to extinguish as many uncertainnesss as possible. 2.5.2 Feasibility surveies After the briefing procedure, the measure surveyor will make a feasibleness survey. The result of the feasibleness survey helps the client to make up ones mind whether to travel in front with the undertaking. A feasibleness survey is conducted to determine whether a undertaking thought is economically feasible ( Hofstrand A ; Clause, n.d. ) . It is the measure surveyors duty to do recommendations to the client on the viability of the undertaking and give professional advice on any options. The feasibleness survey involves economical and proficient probes that allow the client to make up ones mind whether to continue with the undertaking ( Association of South African Quantity Surveyors, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Hofstrand A ; Clause ( n.d. ) a feasibleness survey: Identifies options. Identifies grounds non to continue. Indicate new chances. Gives quality information for better determination devising. Aid in geting support from Bankss and other investors. 2.6 Use of measure of measures After the measure surveyor completes the elemental estimation the client will make up ones mind whether the undertaking will travel in front or non. This determination is mostly based on whether the estimation is within the client s budget or non. If the estimation is within budget the client should teach the designer to fix elaborate on the job drawings for building. The measure surveyor can get down with the readying of the measure of measures one time he has received these drawings ( Bowles A ; Le Roux, 1992 ) . Davis, Love and Baccarini ( 2009:99 ) provinces that the measure of measures has 2 chief utilizations and these can be categorized under pre-contract and post-contract phase. In the pre-contract phase the measure of measures aid contractors to fix their stamps. In the post-contract phase the measure of measures assists the measure surveyor and the contractor in the rating of the work in advancement and work completed for payment intents. The measure of measures is chiefly used for tendering intents. It enables contractors to fix stamps utilizing the same information which will take to more accurate stamp amounts. The measure of measures allow for a common footing on which the stamps can be compared. This brings about a competitory market ( Kodikara, Thorpe A ; McCaffer, 1993:261 ) . Harmonizing to Bowles and Le Roux ( 1992 ) the measure of measures describes the nature of the edifice. It is a papers which lists all the points that need to be completed for the building of the edifice. These points required for the completion of the edifice is measured from drawings and specifications received from the designer and applied scientists. The entire cost for the undertaking will be the amount of all the single points added together. When these points are priced there must be an allowance for the executing of each point every bit good as a realistic net income border. The information in the measure of measures can be classified into three cardinal classs viz. ; preliminaries, preambles and measures. The preliminaries of a contract entail all demands of the undertaking which do non hold a direct impact on the building works. The preliminaries of a contract may include wellness and safety demands, entree to and from site, adjustment for work force, insurances required etc. Preambles define the criterions of craft and stuffs to be used. The measures contain the mensural points needed to finish the plants and comprises of the description, units and measures ( Kodikara et al. , 1993:261 ) . The measure of measures, elaborate building drawings, technology drawings and specifications will be issued to constructing contractors. These paperss form portion of the stamp certification. The stamp paperss enable contractors to subject a competitory stamp for a undertaking and help them in finding an accurate monetary value for the completion of the edifice. A practical clip bound is set for the contractors to monetary value the measure. All stamps should be handed in before the specified shutting day of the month. Harmonizing to Davis et Al. ( 2009:103 ) , the measure of measures has assorted advantages to the parties involved in a undertaking: Pre-contract phase: Database It provides a cost database for future gauging Fee computation It provides a conclusive footing for the computation of professional fees Asset direction It provide informations for plus direction of finished edifice, insurance, care agendas etc. Taxation Provide footing for precise readying of depreciation agendas as portion of the plus direction program. Post-contract phase: Accurate advancement payments It becomes a footing from which the meantime payments can be evaluated. This insures work is done at a sensible monetary value and gives the contractor and client peace of head that the contractor is non paid excessively much or excessively small for work completed. Pricing of contract instructions It provides a footing for the rating of fluctuations to the undertaking. Risk direction Monetary values from the contractor in the measure of measures can be compared with current market related monetary values. Harmonizing to Davis et Al. ( 2009:103 ) , the major disadvantages of the measure of measures are that the readying is clip devouring and it tends to increase cost. 2.7 Decision

Macbeth Essays (946 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Fiction

Macbeth Macbeth is the epitome of what the literary world regards a "tragic hero". His admirable qualities are supplanted with greed and hate when he is duped by the three witches. Thunder and lightning. Enter three Witches. Yes, it is the first scene from William Shakespeare's Macbeth, a tragic tale of one man's quest for power and his ultimate defeat. The story revolves around our tragic hero, Macbeth, and how an admirable and noble man, so established in society, can fall so greatly. Throughout the play, he is driven by an obsession to become King of Scotland, and in the process commits acts of betrayal and treachery to achieve this goal. However, Macbeth is not the only character involved in this sordid affair. His wife, the manipulative Lady Macbeth, three prophetic witches and members of the Scottish aristocracy all play pivotal in the drama. Lady Macbeth, the great woman behind the man, plots, scheme and propels Macbeth into a nightmare of falsehood and guilt. The wiches, or weird sisters, embody the supernatural element of this tragedy. With their imperfect predictions and calculated duplicity, they created chaos in Macbeth's mind as they toy wit! h his sense of security. The Scottish aristocracy comprises of King Duncan, the two princes - Malcolm and Donalbain, and various other thanes and nobles, including Macbeth's friend Banquo. They serve as barriers for Macbeth and, regardless of friend or foe, he chooses to either "fall down, or else o'er-leap" these hurdles. However, one hurdle that proves too great is his nemesis: Macduff. After Macbeth's false sense of security is shattered, a mighty swipe of Macduff's sword releases Macbeth from a tangled web of desire, design and deceit. Macbeth has, as his wife says, the milk of human kindness (which was not a cliche when the play was written), the kind of affection that many people have for others when self-interest is not rampant. He has a high regard for Duncan and Banquo, defaming the latter only once (III.i.74 ff.). He differs from Duncan in this regard in that the King's charity is of a quality that works to transform human society into a family and that, as G. R. Elliott points out, "makes the spirit of Duncan persist through the play after his death." Nevertheless, Macbeth shares in a somewhat limited way in the moral nature of manhood as seen in I.vii.46-47, as E. M. Waith observes, without wanting to contract himself at the urgings of his wife into a paragon of energy, energy simply devoted to utterly selfish ends. Macbeth thus differs from Macduff, who more fully realizes both the valorous and moral nature of manhood, and from Richard III, who is a melodramatic villain and indeed a scourge of God. Macbeth, unlike Richard, is not completely hardened even at the end of the play. He exhibits remorse immediately after the murder of Duncan, and he repeatedly displays anguish after commission of his atrocities. In proposing the savage murder of Macduff's family, he speaks of these "unfortunate" souls (IV.i.152) without attaching irony or sadism to this adjective. The passage "I have lived long enough" (V.iii.22-28) is not, in its apprehension of the failure of a life, the utterance of a thorough reprobate like Richard; and "poor heart" (V.iii.28) is analogous to "unfortunate souls." Macbeth, unlike Richard, is self- tortured and thus wins of us a degree of sympathy. Macbeth is utterly free from Richard's savage humor as seen, for example, in his jesting about sending Clarence to Heaven post-post-haste. Unlike Iago, Macbeth is unequipped with a philosophy of egoism. Unlike Lady Macbeth, he does not pray to have his nature altered. He makes no formal compact, as Faustus does, with the Devil. He never chastises his wife for her failure to bear sons though his ambition is dynastic rather than personal, and even though, whatever Renaissance medical theory may have taught, royal practice as observable in the reign of Henry VIII held the wife rather than the husband to blame for lack of issue. Although there is slight evidence that Macbeth uses Lady Macbeth not to form his murderous intent toward Duncan but to give him courage and practical insight into the way this piece of regicide may be committed, he vacillates

History of subtitles Essay Example

History of subtitles Essay Example History of subtitles Essay History of subtitles Essay Chapter 2. Subtitling and nicknaming Subtitles Captions displayed at the underside of a film or telecasting screen that translate or transcribe the duologue or narrative. ( Ex-husband:movies in foreign linguistic communications with English captions )( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oxforddictionaries.com ) Harmonizing to Cintas and Remael, subtitling is defined as a interlingual rendition pattern dwelling of showing a written text ( by and large on the lower portion of the screen ; Nipponese – vertically, on the right-hand side of the screen ) that endeavors to tell the duologue of the talkers, and all the dianoetic elements that appear in the image ( inserts, letters, letterings, etc ) and the information contained in the soundtrack ( vocals, voices off ) . Video games are besides covered by the field of captions, and as in the instance of movies, or Television plans, they can be intralingual ( made in the same linguistic communication as the sound ) or interlingual ( the written text is in a different linguistic communication than the sound ) History of captions The phantom of the captions is tightly connected with the birth and development of the film. The transition from soundless movies, to movies in which the duologue could be heard by the witnesss, sits at the beginning of the audio-visual interlingual renditions ( captions, nicknaming, etc. ) In the age of the soundless film, the image and the written ocular AIDSs were the lone beginnings of information for the witnesss. The action, the gestures, the dumb show of the histrions was supplemented by slides inserted between two sequences. These slides were called inter-titles , because they were denoting the rubrics of the scenes or of the sequences. As for interpreting these inter-titles, the procedure was rather simple: they would replace the original inter-title with the translated one, or, they would engage a transcriber to construe them at the same time. Then, as clip went by, and engineering advanced, inter-titles were bit by bit replaced by captions. When films were added sound, the witnesss could hear the duologues, therefore the inter-titles disappeared and new troubles arose. One of the jobs was the followers: after the phantom of sound in movies, in order to get the better of the linguistic communication job, one could do assorted versions for assorted linguistic communications, or they could utilize the dubbing procedure, procedure which was largely considered as excessively bing and complicated. That is why the captions easy became more popular ; they were well cheaper than nicknaming. Another job was/is the bilingual audience. The transcriber had, and still has, to maintain in head that some of the witnesss sing a certain movie or telecasting plan might be bilingual, significance that he can easy knock and nail the possible mistakes in the interlingual rendition and to a certain sum, even damage one’s repute. Basic rules of subtitling There are certain regulations that must be followed when doing subtitling, and of class, there are several jobs that must be overcome in order to do a proper caption. In the undermentioned lines I intend to nail several guidelines, or better said, rules, that must be taken into history when working with captions. First of all, all that can be seen on the screen needs to be translated. That includes assorted names, locations, rubrics, hoardings, etc. second of all, you should non interpret literally. As a transcriber and/or subtitler, you foremost have to follow and calculate out the secret plan so you can do the interlingual rendition every bit accurate as possible. You do non hold to interpret every word because the significance is more of import than the existent words that were spoken. Besides, you have a limited figure of characters available, so you must seek to give an accurate interlingual rendition utilizing merely a limited sum of words and in the same clip cover the significance of the duologue. A trouble in translating/subtitling is interpreting gags, wordplaies or word dramas. In these instances a transcriber needs to seek to happen an equivalent or to accommodate the certain gag or word drama so it would do sense in the Target Language and be every bit near as possible to the significance from the Source Language. Of class, the two linguistic communications may hold similar gags or wordplaies so in these instances the transcribers work is midway done. As in every interlingual rendition, captions are required to hold a high degree of consistence. That means that you must maintain the same registry, or the same measurement units etc. Furthermore, every linguistic communication has different punctuation regulations, so you must thoroughly research each language’s regulations before get downing the interlingual rendition. A subtitler must besides take into consideration the use of italics. They normally must be used for background noises, such as the Television or the wireless, for vocal rubrics and wordss, book rubrics, or words from another linguistic communication. And last but non least, a interlingual rendition is ever needed when we talk about different measuring systems, chiefly the imperial and the metric systems. One must make up ones mind when it is perfectly necessary to render the Numberss from imperial to metric system ( or frailty versa ) and when they can be left as they are in the original. Categorization of captions Due to its close relationship with engineering, the categorization of the subtitling procedure is non a fixed one, but instead an always-changing one due to the velocity rate at which engineering develops. Cintas A ; Remael ( 13-25 ) grouped captions harmonizing to 5 standards: Linguistic Time available for readying Technical Methods of projection Distribution format Linguistic parametric quantities Intralingual captions: this sort of subtitling involves a displacement from unwritten to written but corsets within the same linguistic communication. This sort of captions is made foremost of all for the deaf and the hard-of-hearing and it implies change overing the spoken duologues into written address. A alteration in colour is normally used to stipulate who is talking at the minute, or to stress a certain portion of the duologue ( words, the sarcasm of a statement, hand clappings, laughter, a knock on the door, etc ) The intralingual captions are besides made for linguistic communication acquisition intents. Reading on the screen the duologue of the characters helps the pupil to verify if they have understood decently what was spoken. For karaoke consequence For idioms of the same linguistic communication in order to get the better of the troubles posed by different speech patterns which are difficult to understand, or the spectator is non accustomed to ( e.g. The movieTrainspottinghas a strong Scots speech pattern, therefore it needs intralingual interlingual rendition ) For notices and proclamations: seen on the screen in public countries, in Stationss, airdromes, or the broadcast of intelligence so as to offer information to the viewing audiences without upseting them. Interlingual captions. They besides imply a alteration from unwritten to written, but in this state of affairs, the displacement is made besides from one linguistic communication into another For listeners For the deaf and hard-of-hearing Foreign linguistic communication acquisition intents – it is used as a didactic tool, assisting the pupils to better their lingual accomplishments, and their cognition sing the civilization and the linguistic communication of other states. Bilingual captions – this sort of subtitling is used in countries in which two linguistic communications are spoken or in international movie festivals. Time available for readying Pre-prepared captions are done before the program’s release and may be done in complete sentences or in decreased 1s ( merely what is considered relevant will be translated ) Live or real-time captions – this means that there is no clip to fix in front ( normally made by a group of professionals: an translator and a amanuensis ) . They can besides be made by a machine ( speech acknowledgment package ) but is susceptible to spelling errors and it is deemed impractical in most of the linguistic communications. Technical parametric quantities Open captions – which are projected onto the image and can non be removed or turned off Closed captions – which can be added or removed at will and can be opened with the appropriate plan ( decipherer ) Methods of projecting captions Mechanical and thermic subtitling Photochemical subtitling Optical subtitling Laser subtitling Electronic subtitling Distribution format Film Television Video, VHS Videodisk Internet In the field of captions we besides have supertitles, intertitles and fansubs. The supertitles are regarded as an equivalent of captions in the film and are called captions by many professionals. They are used in interpreting Sung words, if they are sung in a different linguistic communication. Supertitles are chiefly used in unrecorded public presentations such as the opera, conferences, in the theater, at concerts, etc. Intertitles are known to be the beginning of captions and are tightly connected with the birth of the film, as I have stated above. They were used in soundless movies and were outdated with the phantom of soundtrack. Fansubs are rather a recent signifier of subtitling and is made by fans, for fans. They are done for free and posted on the cyberspace, available for anyone, although their rightness is rather questionable, as they are non made by professionals. Dubing procedure Dub/Dubbing: To alter an bing tape or recording by adding new sound to it. [ Normally passive ] CINEMA: to replace the soundtrack of a film with one in a different linguistic communication, so that the histrions seem to be talking the other linguistic communication. ( Ex: It was an English film dubbed into German ) To do a transcript of a tape or recording ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.macmillandictionary.com ) Dubbing is a postproduction technique which consists in replacing the original duologue of a movie or series with an orally translated version, synchronized with the scenes of the movie. Most often, the term refers to the replacing of the on-screen actors’ voices with the voices of the translators, which frequently speak another linguistic communication ( although there are instances in which, because of assorted grounds, the on-screen voices are dubbed in the same linguistic communication ) . The dubbing technique is besides used in musicals, in instance the on-screen histrion has an unsatisfactory voice, but chiefly, nicknaming is used for permuting movies from one linguistic communication into another. Dubbing is used on a big graduated table in film, telecasting, picture games, lifes and anime series that are distributed in foreign states. As everything, the procedure of dubbing has both advantages and disadvantages. One of those advantages would be that it keeps the spectator focused on the image without any intervention. Another advantage would be that it can be highly utile for kids who have yet to larn how to read, or for those who face troubles in making it. On the other manus, the first disadvantage that this procedure poses is the cost effectivity. The procedure of dubbing is manner more dearly-won than the subtitling one is. Another disadvantage is that the originality of the film/series is partly lost. Following, on the list of disadvantages the fact that if two different linguistic communications are spoken in the movie, and they are dubbed, they might make a certain grade of confusion among the viewing audiences, particularly if one of those linguistic communications is the native linguistic communication of those viewing audiences. Technology before and after the cyberspace Life was rather different before the phantom of the cyberspace. Thingss were non that easy so. You had to make everything in individual. For illustration, in order to direct mail, you had to compose a missive and travel personally to the Post Office to direct it, you really knew all your friends, they were non merely practical individuals, people that you have neer met in individual. There was no online banking, so if you wanted to direct money to person you had to travel to the bank and do so. Besides, research was made at libraries, from books, non with the aid of Google, Wikipedia, Yahoo and everything resembling these sites. When you wanted to compare two things, you had to really travel to the shop and compare them, non merely look into them online. Games were non on-line, or on the computing machine, you had to travel out and play or take hikings. If you wanted to see a film at the film, you had to travel to the film and see what films were on. As for human interaction, it was more physical, if you wanted to see person, you obviously visited them and if you wanted to speak to more than one friend at one time you had to be in the same room or topographic point. If you wanted to purchase music, once more, you had to travel to the shop as you did non hold iTunes or similar applications ; the same thing goes with the films. If you wanted to see a film at place, you either watched Television, or rented a film from the shop and watched it on a VCR. If you wanted to happen a telephone figure you had to seek it in a phone book, and to maintain in touch with the current intelligence you had to watch Television, or to wait for the newspaper. And speech production of the newspaper, if you wanted to purchase or sell something you had to put an ad in it, and hope for person to detect it and reach you. Nowadays, we use the cyberspace for about anything ; paying our measures, reassigning money from the safety of our places, reaching friends and relations, run intoing new people, purchasing music, films or any point we are in demand of, and selling points we do non necessitate any longer, we can maintain in touch with the universe intelligence more easy, we can make research more easy, as there are dozenss of information available now, etc. From the technological point of position, life is now a batch much easier since the cyberspace appeared even though it has advantages and disadvantages, as does everything. There is no such thing as merely evil or merely good. Everything has two sides. Life is easier with the cyberspace for the grounds I have stated above, the lone downside being that the usage of the cyberspace has diminished the face-to-face human interaction and physical attempt. That being said, with the development of engineering, the one time complicated procedure of subtitling was majorly simplified through the use of more and more evolved plans and package, doing a subtitler’s occupation manner easier.

The Soft Sound of C

The Soft Sound of C The Soft Sound of C The Soft Sound of C By Maeve Maddox Shakespeare called z an â€Å"unnecessary† letter, but the letter c is probably a better candidate for the title. In modern English, c is a substitute letter, a stand-in symbol for two English sounds that have distinctive letters to represent them. These sounds are /k/ and /s/, as in cat and cent. C wasn’t always a mere substitute for the letters k and s. In Old English, c was the only symbol for the sound /k/. A note in the OED explains what happened: When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, C had only the sound /k/ ; and this value of the letter has been retained by all the insular Celts: in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, C, c, is still only = /k/ . The Old English or ‘Anglo-Saxon’ writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence C, c, in Old English, was also originally = /k/ : the words kin, break, broken, thick, seek, were in Old English written cyn, brecan, brocen, à ¾icc, sà ©oc. In OE, as in Modern English, the letter s represented the sounds /s/ and /z/. Before the end of the OE period, c became palatalized before e and i. Meanwhile, changes were going on in French spelling and pronunciation. Among other things, French adopted the letter k to represent the sound /k/ in some words. The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 spelled more than political disaster. The Norman scribes who ousted their English counterparts were accustomed to Latin and French spelling conventions. When the Normans invaded England, English spelling went from consistent to what it is today. After the Conquest, c kept the /k/ sound in some English words like candle, cliff, corn, and crop, but in others, the sound /k/ was spelled with the new letter k, as in king, break, and seek. Rule: In modern English, when the letter c occurs before the letters i, e, or y, it represents its â€Å"soft† sound: /s/. Here are some examples: C followed by e accept (The first c in accept stands for the sound /k/; the second c stands for /s/.) ace acetate celebrity cell incense fence C followed by i acid cider cite citrus C followed by y cyborg piracy bouncy cycle icy infancy If you find exceptions to the rule, please share them. Note: This stated rule applies to the single letter c, not to letter combinations like ch, tch, or cious. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsTypes of Ignorance

Source analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Source analysis - Essay Example ’s suffrage, it also reminds that there is more to be achieved and exhorts all those involved in the movement to continue striving for a better world in the wake of the war’s aftermath. Catherine Osler was secretary of the BWSS from the year 1885. A year before that, she was chosen president of the Birmingham Women’s Liberal Association. She was the founder of the Birmingham Ladies’ Debating Society in 1881 and a member of the National Union of Women’s Workers. In 1891, she brought a resolution for women’s suffrage and in one of her speeches in 1908, she strongly favoured the enfranchisement of women in a debate discussing the motion that ‘the time has now come for granting the franchise to women on the same terms as it is or may be granted to men.’ In 1901 she became president of the BWSS. She held that position until 1921 when the society finally dissolved on the grounds that its aims had been achieved. In 1911, she published a gripping and judicious study of family life titled A Book of the Home, in which she observed that ‘there are no natural spheres for men and women’. Democracy is supposed to be a political system in which all are equal. However, for a long time, even in the democratic countries like US and UK, the right to vote was limited to men and women had no opportunity to take part in the process of elections. Even farmers and labourers, only men of course, came under the purview of the right to vote by the Bill of 1884 in UK. Campaigns by women for the right to vote began in the latter half of the 19th century. However these campaigns were mostly peaceful and followed democratic methods like organising meetings and sending petitions to the authorities by which they sought to persuade and even pressurize the government to make necessary changes in the direction of granting women the right to vote. There were a large number of groups which worked with similar mindset. The term ‘suffragists’ refers to the women who took an

Critical Reading Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Reading Reflection - Essay Example The author starts by stating that â€Å"this is a hopeful book about those who fail.† (Rose, M., 2005 p. xi) and provides an account of the education system in America, so the book can be said to be a book about the hope the author holds for people who may be struggling with the American educational system. He goes on to stipulate that the low level of literacy skills in remedial students is not as a result of lack of intelligence but is rather due to insufficient economic and social conditions to support these students, as well as a history of poor education. The author believes that educators should have more confidence in the literacy abilities of such students and that there must be greater equality as regards educational opportunities in America. This book details the story of how the author learned to read, write and think critically, and how he came to start teaching others to also be able to read, write and think in a critical way. This book can be divided into two sec tions. The first section discusses the author’s journey as a student, and as a teacher. In this first section Rose learns to read, analyze and write, while engaging critically with text, and making use of language in a correct manner. In the second section, Rose learned how to teach to others these things he had learned as a student. The main connection between these sections is the connection that was made by the author himself about his own experiences. In the book, one can also feel the effect that the author’s teachers had on him. The teachers (Mr.Jonhson, Mr.Macfarland and Dr.Carothers) all affected the author’s experience and influenced his perspective about the issue of teaching. In the book, the author illustrates some examples of the perceived cultural and language barriers that students have to deal with from day to day, and discusses his experiences with students, including high school graduates with reading or writing difficulties. Due to the reading and writing difficulties faced by these students, they are usually branded as remedial students and therefore placed in special classes, regardless of the real causes of their inability to read and write at the predetermined level. These students may go through their school years, and even later into their adult lives bearing this stigma. In the first chapter, rose outlines the main issues about the American educational system, and his prognoses on these issues relegate the reasoning behind his opinions as stated in the book. The history and the policies that led to the ‘back to basics movement’ are also discussed, and it seems that educators and administrators in America believed that American students are a largely illiterate and insufficient group. Although the author does not directly challenge the necessity of examining the social and economic conditions in the educational system, he argues against â€Å"framing our indictments in terms of decline, a harsh, laced -with-doom assault, as insisting that our current educational standards do not meet or exceed the supposed perfection of past standards we lose the historical and social realities of American education† (Rose, M., 2005 p. 7). The author also argues against labelling some students as remedial students or punishing those that do not measure up to a false reality of success and advocates a better understanding of the cultural and social conditions that students face. Rose explains that the American society as a whole clings to

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay Example for Free

Religion Is Seen as Not Promoting Social Change for Marx and Durkheim. Essay Religion is a powerful role in influencing a society and the lives of it’s members. The sociological traditions of Marx and Durkheim view religion totally differently, yet they both agree that religion is a very important aspect of a society. Durkheim and Marx each had their own definitions of religion. However, we will learn that they both see an important role that religion plays in a society, as well as the ways in which society creates and shapes their religions. Unlike Durkheim and Weber, Marx was not much concerned with the studying religion although his ideas on religion are very influential. For marx religion He further feels that a world that requires illusion (religion) has something wrong with it. Marx talks about two primary functions of religion in what he calls the â€Å"real world†. First he says that religion is the opium of the people. Marx feels religion provides anesthesia to the masses. To him, religion is a way for people to escape from some of the suffering in their lives or to somehow feel better despite all of their suffering. Religion deters suffering of the present situations of people. It allows people to put off their suffering because they believe it will be taken care of in heaven, or where ever, after they die. And as it would follow, religion helps people put more hope into â€Å"the year after†. People who are religious really do believe â€Å"life† will be better for them after they die. Also religion helps to maintain the oppression of the lower classed people by the people who make up the upper classes. The second primary function of religion in a society, according to Karl Marx, is that it is the sigh of the oppressed creature. Religion brings with it a safety value. People end up being lulled into the protection religion seems to offer them, and people do feel the need to feel and be safe. Religion also gives people an opportunity to complain about the ways of the world. The world is not the way religion says it should be and therefore people complain about the way it actually is, as a way of feeling like a good member of their chosen religion. Religion allows people to acknowledge the dehumanized state of their lives. It helps people to see the horrible way in which we are in and it helps keep us in this horrible way. We realize through religion that we are not finding fulfillment in our lives. Marx would view a relationship between religious belief and progressive social activism as a display of a dehumanized society yearning for self actualization. The people of a progressive social activist society are not getting self actualization because there political system allows for scarcity of necessities, goods and jobs, and they also oppress the people of their society. According to Marx, if people are without self actualization they will create a place where they can find self actualization. Religion helps people do that. Durkheim dedicated a considerable part of his academic life to the study of religion especially religion in small scale traditional societies. Allotting a single sentence to Durkheim in a kind of appendix to The Sacred The Profane, Eliade comments that the French founder of sociology believed that he had found the sociological explanation for religion in totemism. Durkheim bases his work on the totemism practiced by Australian aborigines and argues that totemism is the most elementary or simple form of religion. Durkheim starts Forms by looking at how religion may be defined and here the sacred profane dichotomy comes immediately into play: the primary characteristic of religion is that it divides the world into the two domains of sacred and profane. In fact, the two are opposed so fundamentally that they are seen as separate worlds. In Durkheims view the sacred is far from being synonymous with the divine. Not only may gods and spirits be sacred, but also things like rocks, trees, pieces of wood, in fact anything. For what makes something sacred is not that it is somehow connected to the divine but that it is the subject of a prohibition that sets it radically apart from something else, which is itself thereby made profane. Durkheim describes religion in terms of beliefs and rites. For him, the details of these in particular religions are particular ways of dealing in thought and action with the fundamental dichotomy of sacred and profane.

How Alcohol Prohibition Was Ended :: essays research papers

You saved the very foundation of our Government. No man can tell where we would have gone, or to what we would have fallen, had not this repeal been brought about. -Letter to the VCL, 1933 This is a story about a small, remarkable group of lawyers who took it upon themselves, as a self- appointed committee, to propel a revolution in a drug policy: the repeal of the 18th Amendment. In 1927, nine prominent New York lawyers associated themselves under the intentionally-bland name, "Voluntary Committee of Lawyers," declaring as their purpose " to preserve the spirit of the Constitution of the United States [by] bring[ing] about the repeal of the so-called Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Ammendment." With the modest platform they thus commanded, reinforced by their significant stature in the legal community, they undertook first to draft and promote repeal resolutions for local and state bar asssociations. Their success culminated with the American Bar Association calling for repeal in 1928, after scores of city and state bar associations in all regions of the country had spoken unambiguously, in words and ideas cultivated, shaped, and sharpened by the VCL. As it turned out, this successwas but prelude to their stunnung achievement several years later. Due in large to the VCL"s extraordinary work, the 18tg Amendment was, in less than a year, surgically struck from the Constitution. Repeal was a reality. The patient was well. People could drink. Here is how it happened. Climaxing decades of gathering hostility towards salloons and moral outrage over the general degeneracy said to be flowing from bottles and kegs, the Cocstitution of the United States had been amended, effective 1920, to progibit the manufacture and sale of "intoxicating liquors." the Volstead Act, the federal statute implementing the prohibitionamindmint, progibited commerce in beer as well. At first prohibition was popular among those who had suppored it, and tolerated by the others. But before long, unmistakable grumbling was heard in the cities. To meet the uninterrupted demand for alcohol, there sprang up bathtub ginworks and basement stills, tight and discrete illegal supply networks, and speakeasies: secret, illegal bars remembered chiefly today as where, for the first time, women were seen smoking in public. Commerse in alcohol plunged underground, and soon fell under the control of thugs and gangsters, whose organizations often acquired their merchandise legally in Canada. Violence aften settled commercial differences- necessarily, it might be said, as suppliers and distributors were denied the services of lawyers, insurance companies, and the civil courts. On the local level, widesspread disobedience of the progibition laws by otherwise law-abiding citizens produced numerous arrests. Courts were badly clogged, in large part because nearly all defendents demanded jury trials, confident that a jury of

For which characters in Of Mice And Men do you feel sympathy the most? Essay

Refer closely to the novel in your answer. I felt some sympathy for Curley’s wife as she was the loneliest of them all. She had a husband who didn’t love or respect her as he went to brothels. As well as Curley’s wife I pitied Slim. He has a lot of responsibility and calms everything down in a tense situation. He was the only person who knew that George shot Lennie after the death of Curley’s wife, which shows the amount of responsibility that is on his shoulders. I have some for Crooks as he is at a disadvantage as he is black so will have a lot of prejudice towards him. He is not allowed in the bunkhouse and so he would be very lonely. He also has the disability of having a crooked back. In the end I felt pity for Candy as the prospect of owning a farm is shattered. He could have lived the rest of his years in relative comfort. Steinbeck uses effective pathos after the death of Curley’s wife. ‘ His eyes blinded with tears and he turned and Went weakly out of the barn’ Now that he knows the dream is over he has nothing to look ahead to which is saddening. Because of his age he won’t be able to get a job. You also pity him because of his disability, which won’t help him find a job. ‘I wont have no place to go, an’ I can’t get no more jobs.’ Also when Carlson shot his dog to put it out of his misery I felt some sympathy. He had the dog for along time and had grown attached to it. Without his dog he would be lonely .This theme of loneliness runs throughtout the book. He then shows regret that someone other than himself shot his dog. ‘I shouldn’t ought to have let no stranger shoot my dog.’ I have sympathy for Lennie as when he had killed Curley’s wife he had ruined the dream for everyone. He would have felt bad about this and the fact that he wouldn’t be able to tend the rabbits which was one of his fears. The other being Ggeorge leaving him, which would mean that he would be lonely. His fear run’s loose as he listens to a talking rabbit: ‘If you think George, gonna let you tend the rabbit, your even crazier’n usual.’ Lennie always has George telling him what to do because he keeps on doing stupid things. In a way Lennie should be pleased about someone keeping a lookout for him but because Lennie is so slow he is upset by it and sometimes Lennie loses his temper. I felt sorry for him most when Curley started a fight with. ‘Lennie’s hands remained at his side; he was too frightened to defend himself. This is because people usually feel sorry for things that are defenceless. But even after Curley had repeatedly punched him Lennie still shows remorse for breaking his hand, which shows he is a ‘nice fella’ . A guy who you wouldn’t want something like this to happen to. ‘I didn’t wanta hurt him.’ The reason I don’t feel sorry for Lennie is because he has a companion like George to look after him and because he is so stupid he doesn’t realise what how poor his lifestyle is. ‘But he was too dumb even to know he had a joke played on him’ I feel sympathy for George as he is lumbered with Lennie. ‘Lennie for god’s sake don’t drink so much.’ It’s as if George is looking after Lennie like they have a parent/child relationship. A similar thing occurs when George threw away the dead mouse Lennie kept in his pocket I feel pity for George as he has a lot of pent up aggression as he uses phrases like ‘son of a bitch’ and ‘crazy bastard’. This is probably caused by the situation he is in. He has no security and his only companion is Lennie who is always getting into trouble. I feel empathy for George, as he is so lonely. This is the same with all the other characters. ‘Guys like us that work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world’. The only way George can escape this position is through his and Lennies’s dream, of owning a farm. George and Lennie ‘aint got nothing to look ahead to’ but the dream sets them a goal. Then George has to do a horrible thing by killing his only friend. He didn’t even seem to think about other alternatives but he saved Lennie from being tortured. Steinbeck builds this up from when Candy’s dog was shot to save it from the pain of living up until George saving Lennie from the pain of being tortured The reason I don’t feel sorry for George is that he has a companion like Lennie. Someone he can trust. If Lennie was in the same position he wouldn’t survive like George, as he doesn’t have the brain. So George can be thankful that it wasn’t vice versa. ‘Lennie who had been watching imitated George exactly’ This shows that Lennie adores George and is a kind of role model. It also shows that Lennie likes him so he won’t double cross him. He is too stupid to do that anyway. I have little empathy to with Curley, as he is lonelier than ever without his wife. He is always getting into fights, which could mean that he is looking for attention. I have sympathy for is the Boss, as he owns the place. He is most probably rich and has a lot of luxuries compared to the workers .I do have some empathy towards the boss .He also has a lot of responsibility as he has to run the ranch and has a son like Curley who is always causing trouble. Through this book Steinbeck tried to portray what the poor people felt at the time. It shows us that the ‘American’ dream doesn’t always come true and that the battle between the ‘good guy’ and the ‘bad guy’ doesn’t always go in the ‘good guy’s’ favour.

Indirect and Direct Racism

Indirect and Direct Racism Racism is a blot on society that has transgressed mankind over hundreds of years. It is conscience of humans that few things are far superior to others. This can be explained in the detail with example of skin color, origin and culture which are the key factors in defragmenting the human society which eventually leads to racism. Cultural difference between various communities was one of the reason for the development of racism.As societies tries to bind itself together it compels people to adapt to different cultures, influencing hatred and eventually given rise to racism. Racism still exists in today’s society in both direct and indirect ways. This can be explained with the recent examples of Asians been targeted in the western world. Asians are attacked because they have different culture and when they settle in western world they bring uneasiness to western lifestyle thus leading to racism.As the author quotes in this article â€Å"Under a byline of Lian Ji, the article published Wednesday used broken English and spouted racial stereotypes to bash the school for his rejection. † The author explains that the student mentioned in the article feels discriminated against due to the fact that he was rejected from Preston University. Clearly showing the flow of racism in the atmosphere within the article, impacting people directly. Skin color is another factor that also has influenced racism.Though subconsciously humans have the tendency to relate things with each other, color is one of those factors. Africans are targeted because they are black and human conscience considers black to be related to bad or evil. Thus they have been victims of racism from the white community, as they consider themselves to be superior to blacks. It can also be noted that origin and cast of people also plays a significant role in influencing racism. In countries particularly where different communities co-exist there seem to be a divide betwee n different communities on faith and cast.Thus people of upper cast will never rub shoulders with the lower cast ones. Eventually there is divide in the communities. Although literacy level has increased, the divide from ages among different communities still exists based on racism. Showing an indirect effecting resulting in racism, not meaning a fully planned riot, but not limited to harassment. Students within an elementary school for example, a student whom is the victim of being verbally bullied due to his fellow classmates lack of literacy skills.Only for the reason that all of the Asian culture has a higher grade average then the Latino Americans. Unlike judging his skin color or the way his facial features varies and being bullied on the spot, it takes tame for one to make fun of another over test scores. Out of the many factors that has led to racism that is thriving in today’s society the one’s discussed area few highlights that presence among us. So it can be concluded that racism among humans still exists and is displayed in both direct and indirect ways.Bibliography â€Å"Racism Agaisnt Asians. †Ã‚  Racism Agaisnt Asians. Web. . Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. â€Å"Racism in Sports And Society – New York Times. â€Å"The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. Web. 09 Dec. 2011. .

Eleanor Roosevelt essays

Eleanor Roosevelt essays Eleanor Roosevelt was a very important woman in our history. She overcame her problems with her husband to help end the Great Depression. She not only worked against the depression but she was a pioneer in the fight for womens rights. She also helped people by writing her daily column My Day which touched many peoples lives. Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 into a wealthy New York family. Eleanors mother was disappointed because Eleanor was not beautiful and graceful. Eleanor developed an inordinate desire for affection and praise (The American Experience) in response to her plain looks and lack of manners Eleanors greatest wish was to please her father (Freedman p. 9) Eleanors father found no fault in her looks, and Eleanor was completely devoted to him. She enjoyed dressing up and dancing for her father and his friends as a young child. (The American Experience) In 1892 Eleanors mother died of diphtheria and Eleanor happily moved in with her father, who she was separated from when her parents were divorced because of her fathers drinking problems. Two years later her father died of alcoholism. Then Eleanor moved in with her grandmother. In 1899 Eleanors grandmother sent her to Allenswood and all girls boarding school in England. There Eleanor began to develop some assertiveness. Then one of he r teachers chose Eleanor to be her traveling partner in Europe, and Eleanor was introduced to a lifestyle of and independent women (The American Experience). She returned home in 1902. Three years later Eleanor fell in love and was married to her fifth cousin Franklin Roosevelt. Shortly after Roosevelt and Eleanor were married Franklins over protective mother, started to control Eleanor. I was beginning to be and entirely dependent person, Eleanor said, Someone always to decide everything for me. (The America...

Terms Every Aspiring Journalist Needs to Learn

Terms Every Aspiring Journalist Needs to Learn Journalism, like any profession, has its own set of terms, its own lingo, that any working reporter must know in order to understand what people are talking about in a newsroom and to help produce a great news story. Here then are 10 terms that you should know. Lede The lede is the first sentence of a hard-news story; a succinct summary of the story’s main point. Ledes should typically be a single sentence or no more than 35 to 40 words. The best ledes are ones that highlight the most important, newsworthy and interesting aspects of a news story while leaving out secondary details that can be included later in the story.​ Inverted Pyramid The inverted pyramid is the model used to describe how a news story is structured. It means the heaviest or most important news goes at the top of the story, and the lightest, or least important, goes at the bottom. As you move from the top to the bottom of the story, the information presented should gradually become less important. That way, if an editor needs to cut the story to make it fit a particular space, she can cut from the bottom without losing any vital information. Copy Copy simply refers to the content of a news article. Think of it as another word for content. So when we refer to a copy editor, were talking about someone who edits news stories. Beat A beat is a particular area or topic that a reporter covers. On a typical local newspaper, youll have an array of reporters who cover such beats as the police, courts, city hall and school board. At larger papers, beats can become even more specialized. Papers like The New York Times have reporters who cover national security, the Supreme Court, high-tech industries and health care. Byline The byline is the name of the reporter who writes a news story. Bylines are usually placed at the beginning of an article. Dateline The dateline is the city from which a news story originates. This is usually placed at the start of the article, right after the byline. If a story has both a dateline and a byline, that generally indicates that the reporter who wrote the article was actually in the city named in the dateline. But if a reporter is in, say, New York, and is writing about an event in Chicago, he must choose between having a byline but no dateline, or vice versa.   Source A source is anyone you interview for a news story. In most cases, sources are on-the-record, which means they are fully identified, by name and position, in the article for which they have been interviewed. Anonymous source This is a source who does not want to be identified in a news story. Editors generally frown upon using anonymous sources because they are less credible than on-the-record sources, but sometimes anonymous sources are necessary. Attribution Attribution means telling readers where the information in a news story comes from. This is important because reporters dont always have firsthand access to all the information needed for a story; they must rely on sources, such as police, prosecutors or other officials for information. AP Style This refers to Associated Press Style, which is the standardized format and usage for writing news copy. AP Style is followed by most U.S. newspapers and websites. You can learn AP Style for the AP Stylebook.

INTERNATIONAL HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTERNATIONAL HRM - Assignment Example As a result, the concept has evolved to be wider and more complex to be defined within limited words. It has also expanded its dimensions by covering cultural, political, technological and economical divergences in order to determine appropriate set of objectives and strategies in order to attain them. Therefore, HRM practices differ from one nation and geographical region to another. With this belief, the discussion of the paper will emphasise on identifying various dimensions of International HRM in the context of the US. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the impact of political, economical, social and technological factors existing on the HRM practices in the US. Moreover, the paper will critically evaluate and analyse two key areas of HRM in modern day phenomenon, i.e. training & development and performance appraisal applied by a US based multinational company, i.e. Walmart. 2.0. International HRM In recent years, the world has witnessed steep rise in international activi ties which forced the managerial dimension to cross the regional boundaries and enter the international market. For instance, evidences reveal that since the early 20th century, international trade and production operations have increased substantially. This forced national companies to expand their business in the global platform recognising them as Multinational Companies (MNCs). Consequently, there are also few challenges which are faced by MNCs while implementing their HRM practices in the international platform. However, managing dichotomous cultures and economic factors with efficiency is termed to be the most challenging tasks of International HRM (IHRM) (Tayeb, 2005). Similar set of challenges were also faced by the US based MNCs in their global operations. Studies reveal that during early period, most of the US based international companies witnessed failure in their global operations, especially in managing their human resources with efficacy due to lack of effectiveness i n the HRM policies. In other words, the companies were concerned in practicing similar kind of HRM policies in the international platform as it did in the national context, i.e. in the US. Consequently, the practices lacked affectivity and efficacy and thus faced the challenges in terms of expatriation (Ashamalla, 1998). In this context, numerous researches have been performed to identify the effect of global and local factors in determining the efficacy of IHRM practices by the US based international companies. Most of the researches stated that the IHRM practices and policies of the companies operating globally often tended to provided greater significance to the local factors without entirely ignoring the prospects of their parent companies. Evidences have also revealed that different factors existing in the external environment influences the IHRM practices. For instance, the IHRM practices and policies executed by the Japanese leaders globally tend to be highly focussed on the localised factors in terms of ‘corporate welfarism’, but in a tailored manner to adopt the changes present in the targeted market while training the expatriates. Likewise, the IHRM policies and practices implemented by the US subsidiaries tend to be based on developmental strategies to a large extent with a similar concern. Therefore, it becomes quite apparent that both the international and national factors influence the IHRM practices

Environmental Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Environmental - Essay Example This means that France alone has a stronger economy almost compared to all the 22 countries put together. Germany (3,401.0) has a higher GDP than all the 22 countries combined. This is followed by Japan (5,964.0) and the biggest difference comes from USA (15,680.0) (CIA). This is to say that the USA has the strongest economy and has reliable economic power to exploit and control the oil in the Middle East. The 2012 GDP of Israel (240.9) lies way below that of the combined states in the Middle East. However, when compared to Gaza and Westbank combined (6.641) creates a very big difference. Israel lays a stronger economic position than the Westbank and Gaza by a minimum thirty six times. That translates to Israel having a lot of control in the region especially compared to its neighbour. The geo-political relations in the region have largely contributed to who owns much stake in the Middle East oil (Central Intelligence Agency). For instance, the USA, a world power and its allies (UK, France, Japan and Germany) therefore have a large stake in the control of oil in the Middle East. According to TÃ ©treault (2012), oil ownership and relations to the stronger powers have given some Middle East countries more power than others. TÃ ©treault, Mary Ann. "The Political Economy of Middle Eastern Oil." 2012. University of California Library. 30 January 2014

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Auditing - Essay Example Auditing is the process that involves the assessment of the financial statement of a company to verify whether the contents of such statements comply with the required framework. Auditors are charged with the task of ensuring that the financial statement of the company contains all the information considered as material. In a nutshell, the auditors check whether the content of the financial statement is free of fraud, errors or omission of material information. On that note, an audit risk is the possibility that the auditor will not detect any error, fraud or misstatement of material information when reviewing the financial statement (Thompson & Ward 1993, pp. 2-9). Based on the auditor’s opinions, it is fair to conclude that the financial statements of Mobile Streams PLC present a true and fair financial position. That is; they are free from errors, fraud or material misstatements. However, the auditors should pay more attention to the following three areas of heightened audit risks: foreign currency translation, share-based compensation, and financial income. Based on the financial statement, the company’s foreign currency loss is  £ 1,347. The Foreign currency loss is encountered if the previous spot rate when selling the local currency is higher than the current spot rate when buying the local currency (Annual report: Mobile Streams PLC 2014, pp. 8 & 15). Close to 99% of the company’s revenues are generated outside the United Kingdom. Therefore, a larger part of the company’s operation is exposed to foreign currency risk. Fortunately, there are strategies used to lessen the exposure. However, Mobile Streams PLC does not use any to reduce the risk. The company relies on the prevailing spot rate for transaction purposes. The exchange rates constantly fluctuate. The company could manipulate the exchange rate to reduce the amount of taxable income. Assume that the loss on foreign currency was  £ 690

“Ethics in Policing” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Ethics in Policing† Essay In The Ethics of Policing, John Kleinig presents a broad discussion of the ethical issues that overwhelmed existing police organization and individual police officers. This debate is set surrounded by others that bring in the reader to basic approaches at present in support among moral philosophers (social contract, neo-Kantian and utilitarianthough thought of the recent efforts to widen virtue-oriented ethical theories is regrettably absent) and to many of the significant questions posed in the swiftly growing subfield of practiced ethics (such as whether professional ethics are constant with or in clash with so-called ordinary ethics). The discussions are consistently even-handed, broad and extraordinarily rich in detail. Kleinig sets out typologies of the kinds of force used by the police as well as variety of dishonesty in which they occasionally engage range of distort exercise, alternative actions for holding police responsible, and the like. He offers wide-ranging debate of the role and history of police codes of ethics, the changes made on the personal lives of police, and the challenges to police management facade by unionization and confirmatory action. In short, this book is much more than a directory of police ethical issues with reference for their solutionit is that, of course, but it is also an beginning to professional ethics in general, a articulate staging of important existing moral theories, a outline of the key legal decisions affecting police work, and a rich representation, both understanding and essential of the police officers world. Kleinig concentrates on his topic with a large idea of ethics, one that runs from meticulous problems (such as police judgment and use of force), through common problems (such as the ethics of misleading tactics and the nature of dishonesty), to deliberation of the effects of police work on police officers moral fiber (such as the regrettable inclination of police to distrust and hostility), all the way to organizational difficulty (such as those about the arrangement of answerability and the status of whistleblowers). Right through his rich and caring conversation, it seems as if the difficulty of ethical policing is just that of how the police can morally carry out the job they are assigning and putting into effect the laws they are furnished to implement. Kleinig considers that many of the ethical problems facing the police have their cause in (or are at least supported and assisted by) the trend of police to appreciate their own role as that of law enforcers or crime-fighters. This promotes over trust on the use of force, predominantly lethal force and enhances police officers sense of hostility from the society they are sworn to serve. Furthermore, this self-image makes police doubtful of, hostile to, and commonly unhelpful with police administrations inspired programs such as community policingthat aim to redesign the police into a more comprehensible organization. Amusingly, the police self-image as crime-fighters continue in the face of practical studies showing that law enforcement per se, the engaging and catching of criminals, takes up only a small number of police officers work time. Much more time is in fact spent by the police doing things like crowd and traffic organizing, dispute resolution, dealing with medical tragedies, and the like. Consider Kleinigs argument of police dishonesty. Kleinig takes up Lawrence Shermans view that allowing police to agree to a free cup of coffee at a diner starts the officer on a slippery slope toward more serious graft because, deliberating he has accepted a free cup of coffee makes it difficult for the officer to stand firm when a bartender who is in action after legal closing hours presents him a drinkand this in turn will make it harder to resist yet more serious attempts to bribe the officer to not enforce the law. Sherman then suggests that the only way to fight corruption is to get rid of the kinds of laws, first and foremost vice laws that provide the strongest lure to corruption of both police and criminals. In opposition to Shermans view, Kleinig believe sthat of Michael Feldberg, who argue that police can and do differentiates between minor gratuities and bribes. Kleinig consent. Kleinig takes corruption to be a topic of its motive (to misrepresent the carrying out of justice for personal or organizational gains) relatively than of particular manners. This is a nice difference that allows Kleinig to detach corrupt practices from other ethically problematic practices, such as taking gratuitiesof which the free cup of coffee is an example. Quoting Feldberg, Kleinig writes that what makes a gift a gratuity is the reason it is given; what makes it corruption is the reason it is taken (Kleining, 1996, 178). Gratuities are given with the hope that they will encourage the police to frequent the organization that give them, and certainly, the police will often stop at the diner that gives them a free cup of coffee. Thus, Kleinig follows Feldberg in philosophy that recieving coffee is wrong because it will tend to draw police into the coffee-offering business and thus upset the democratic value of even-handed distribution of police protection. Kleinig takes up the question of entrapment by first allowing for the so-called subjective and objective advances to determining when it has occurred. On the subjective approach, entrapment has happened if the government has rooted the intention to commit the crime in the defendants mind. So implicit, the defence of entrapment is overcome if the government can show that the defendant already had (at least) the outlook to perform the type of crime of which he is now blamed. On the objective approach, anything the intention or disposition of the real defendant, entrapment has arised if the governments contribution is of such a character that it would have made a usually law-abiding person to commit a crime. Kleinig condemns the subjective approach by indicating that the behaviour of a government cause that constitutes entrapment would not do so if it had been done by a classified citizen. Thus, the subjective approach fails to clarify why entrapment only relay to actions performed by government means. For this grounds, some turn to the objective approach with its stress on improper government action. However, as Kleinig skilfully shows, this approach experience from the problem of spelling out what the government must do to, so to converse, create a crime. It cannot be that the government agent was the sine qua non of the crime since that would rule out lawful police does not entice operations; nor can it be that the government agent simply made the crime easier since that would rule out even undisruptive acts of providing public information. The objective approach seems based on no more than essentially controversial intuitive judgments about when police action is excessive or objectionable. The reason is that this account is susceptible to the same opposition that Kleinig raised in opposition to the subjective approachit fails to explain why entrapment only relates to actions carried out by a government agent. Certainly, the problem goes deeper because Kleinigs account supposes that government action has a particular status. As Kleinig point to, the same actions done by a private citizen would not comprise entrapment. It follows that actions done by a government agent can dirty the evidentiary picture, while the same actions done by a private citizen would not. But, then, we still need to know why entrapment refers only to actions carried out by government agents. To answer this, Kleinig must give more power to the objectivist approach than he does. When it does more s Kleinig notes but fails to integrate into his accountthe government becomes a tester of virtue rather than a detector of crime (Kleining, 1996, 161). Indeed, much practical crime fighting is wrong because it does not so much fight crimes as it fights criminals, taking them as if they were an unseen enemy who need to be drawn out into the unwrap and take steps. As with corruption, it seems to me that Kleinig has measured entrapment with active criminal justice practice taken as given and thus, by default, as not posing a confront to ethical policing. Kleinig suggests that as an alternative of law enforcers or crime-fighters, police ought to be consider and think of themselvesas social peacekeepers, only part of whose task is to put into effect the law, but whose larger task is to remove the obstruction to the even and pacific flow of social life. (Kleining, 1996, 27ff) Kleinigs disagreement for significant the police role as social peacekeeping has three parts. The first part is the gratitude that, while social agreement theories lead to the idea of the police as just law enforcers, the information is that we have (as I have already noted) always likely the police to play a larger role, taking care of a large diversity of the barrier to quiet social life. The second part of the quarrel is that the idea of the police as peacekeepers, in totaling to equivalent to what police essentially do, reverberates adequately with practice, in exacting with the idea of the kings peace, the organization of which might be thought of as the predecessor of modem criminal justice tradition. Kleinig thinks will flow from this preconceiving of the police role: a less confused, more helpful and pacifying relationship between the police and the society; a compact dependence on the use of force, particularly lethal force, to the point that force is sighted as only a last alternative among the many possessions accessible to the police for eliminating obstacles to social peace. The very fact that police are armed (and dressed in military-style uniforms) for law enforcement makes it just about overwhelming that they will be used for crowd and traffic control. Subsequently, if a small group of persons is to keep a large, volatile and potentially dodgy group in line, it will surely help if the small group is armed and in distinguishing dress. As for the other jobs allocated to the police, it must be distinguished that these jobs are not generally executed by the police for the community as a whole. Middle class and wealthier folks do not turn to the police for dispute resolution or help in medical emergencies. Ignored in this way, the poor call on the police when there is problem and reasonably so. The police are at all times there, they make house calls, and they do not charge. Practices that outcome from our negligent treatment of the poor should scarcely be lifted to normative position in the way that Kleinig in cause does by speaking of what we have allocated to the police. Only some have had the authority to assign the police these additional jobs, and even those influential few seem more to have deserted the jobs on the police than considerately to have assigned them. Most significantly, however, distinguishing the police as peacekeepers has the trend to cover over what is still the most important truth about the police, the very thing that calls for extraordinary good reason and for particular answerability, namely, that the police have the ability to order us around and to use aggression to back those orders up. For example, when Kleinig takes up the police arguments that they should be treated like proficiently and thus standardize themselves, Kleinig objects only on the position that It is uncertain whether police can lay claim to such focused knowledge not available to lay persons as renowned professions, such as medicine and law do. (Kleining, 1996, 40) Similarly, in explanation why police may correctly be focused to civilian review boards, Kleinig says that the police provide a society service at a cost to the society and thus ought to be answerable to the public they serve. (Kleining, 1996, 227) The police are precisely subject to remote review to a level that the local authority company is not, and the grounds are the particular authority and authority the police have and the suitably tense relation involving that power, essential as it is, and the free public it both defend and threatens. Conceivably, after all, the cops are right in opinion of themselves as law enforcers and crime fighters. Reading John Kleinigs book is an extremely good way for anyone to learn just how uncomfortable that situation is. References Kleining, John (1996) The Ethics of Policing, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.